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Atomic mass unit
One twelfth of the mass of a Carbon-12 atom in its ground state.
Relative atomic mass (RAM)
Ratio of the average atomic mass to the unified atomic mass unit.
Ar = average mass of the atom/unified atomic mass
Molecular mass
Ratio of mass of a molecule to the unified atomic mass unit.
Mole
One mole is the amount of substance of a system, which contains as many elementary particles as there are atoms in 12 g of Carbon-12 isotope.
The elementary particles can be molecules, atoms, ions, electrons or any other specified particles.
Avogadro Number
The total number of entities present in one mole of any substance is equal to 6.022 × 10²³.
Molar mass
Mass of one mole of a substance
Molar mass of a compound is equal to the sum of its relative atomic masses of its constituents
Unit : g mol-¹
Molar volume
Volume occupied by one mole of a substance in the gaseous state at a given temperature and pressure.
Gram equivalent mass
Mass of an element (compound or ion) that combines or displaces 1.008 g hydrogen, 8 g oxygen or 35.5 g chlorine
equivalent mass = Molar mass (g mol-¹) / equivalence factor ( eq mol-¹)
Equivalent mass of acids
E = Molar mass of the acid / basicity of the acid
Basicity - No. of replaceable H+ ions
Equivalent mass of Bases
E = Molar mass of the the base / Acidity of the base
Acidity - no. of replaceable OH- ions
Equivalent mass of Oxidising agent or reducing agent
E = Molar mass of the oxidising (or) reducing agent/ No. of moles of electrons gained or lost by one mole of the oxidising or reducing agent
Stoichiometry
It gives the numerical relationship between chemical quantities in a balanced chemical equation
Limiting reagent
When a reaction is carried out using non-stoichiometric quantities of the reactants, the product yield will be determined by the reactants that is completely consumed
It limits the further reaction from taking place and is called as the limiting reagent.
Excess reagents
Other reagents which are in excess
Cyanide poisoning
Oxygen binds to haemoglobin
Cyanide binds irreversibly to haemoglobin and blocks oxygen binding
Transport of oxygen from lungs to tissues is stopped
Leads to quick death of the person
Oxidation number
Imaginary charge left on the atom when all the other atoms of the compound have been removed in their usual oxidation states
Oxidation number of elements in ground state
0
Oxidation number of Na+
+1
Oxidation number of Cl-
-1
Oxidation number of Hydrogen
+1 except metallic hydrides (-1)
Oxidation number of Fluorine
-1
Oxidation number of alkali metals (1st group)
Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs
+1
Oxidation number of alkaline earth metals (2nd group elements)
Mg, Ca, Sr
+2
Sum of the oxidation numbers of elements in a compound
0
Sum of the oxidation numbers of elements in a polyatomic ion
Charge carried by the ion
Oxidation reaction
Addition of Oxygen
Removal of Hydrogen
Loss of electrons
Oxidation number in increases
Eg : C + O2 → CO2
Reduction reaction
Addition of Hydrogen
Removal of Oxygen
Gain of electrons
Oxidation number decreases
Eg : H2 + Cl2 → 2 HCl
Combination reactions
It is a reaction in which two substances combine to form a single compound
C + O2 → CO2
Decomposition reaction
It is a reaction in which a compound breaks down into two or more components
2 KClO3 → 2 KCl + 3 O2
Disproportionation reaction (Auto redox reaction)
It is a reaction in which same compound undergoes both oxidation and reduction
2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2
Displacement reaction
It is a reaction in which an ion or atom in a compound is replaced by an ion or atom of another element.