psych 1520

What is personality according to the trait approach?

The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others, including typical cognitions, emotions, and behaviors.

What is the many trait approach?

An approach that identifies identifiable traits, such as talkative, assertive, sociable, reserved, and quiet.

What is the single trait approach?

An approach that focuses on a single trait, such as self-monitoring or Machiavellianism.

What is the essential trait approach?

An approach that identifies the Big Five traits of personality: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

What is the Big Five?

The five essential traits of personality: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

What is the Factor Analysis?

A statistical method used to identify a smaller number of factors by analyzing the correlations between a large number of dimensions.

What is the assumption behind the trait approach?

The assumption that personality is unique, differentiates you from others, and is stable and consistent over time.

What is the person-situation interactionist approach?

An approach that considers the interaction between the person and the situation, including weak and strong situations.

What is a weak situation?

A situation where a wide variety of behavior is considered appropriate, potentially revealing personality, such as the Rorschach test or Thematic Apperception Test.

What is a strong situation?

A situation that pulls for particular behavior, making it difficult to reveal personality.

What is the Rorschach test?

It is an inkblot test used to reveal personality.

What is the Thematic Apperception Test?

It is a test that involves the interpretation of pictures to reveal personality.

What is a strong situation?

It is a situation that pulls for particular behaviors in a clear and appropriate way, which is a weak indicator of personality.

What is the person-job fit theory?

It is a theory that identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover.

What is the person-organization fit theory?

It is a theory that suggests people are attracted to and select organizations that match their values and leave when there is no compatibility.

What is the Dark Triad?

It is a constellation of negative personality traits consisting of Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy.

What is the Dark Triad?

A constellation of negative personality traits consisting of Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy.

What is Machiavellianism?

The degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means.

What is psychopathy?

The tendency for a lack of concern for others and a lack of guilt or remorse when actions cause harm.

What is self-monitoring?

A personality trait that measures an individual's ability to adjust their behavior to external, situational factors.

What is a proactive personality?

People who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs.

What is Trait Activation Theory (TAT)?

A theory that predicts that some situations, events, or interventions "activate" a trait more than others.

What are terminal values?

Desirable end-states of existence

What are instrumental values?

Preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one's terminal values.

What is power distance?

A national cultural attribute that describes the extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.

What is individualism?

A national cultural attribute that describes the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of groups.

What is collectivism?

A national cultural attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect to belong to groups that look after them in exchange for loyalty.

What is collectivism?

Collectivism is a national cultural attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.

What are collectivistic countries/cultures?

Collectivistic countries/cultures are those in which people see themselves as interdependent and seek community and group goals.

Where are collectivistic values found?

Collectivistic values are found in Asia, Africa, and South America, for example.

What is masculinity?

Masculinity is a national cultural attribute that describes the extent to which the culture favors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control.

What are societal values characterized by in masculinity?

Societal values are characterized by assertiveness and materialism.

What is femininity?

Femininity is a national cultural attribute that indicates little differentiation between male and female roles

What is uncertainty avoidance?

Uncertainty avoidance is a national cultural attribute that describes the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them.

What is long-term orientation?

Long-term orientation is a national cultural attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence.

What is short-term orientation?

Short-term orientation is a national cultural attribute that emphasizes the present and accepts change.

What is the physical basis for differences in achievement?

The physical basis for differences in achievement can be explained by phrenology, craniology, and fMRI.

What are some physical bases for differences in people?

Phrenology, craniology, fMRI, genes.

What are some factors that create differences in people's backgrounds and learning?

Education, practice, training.

What are some examples of lay theories?

Intelligence, personality, self-control, athleticism, artistic skill, etc.

What is the fixed mindset (entity theory)?

The belief that you are born with talents you cannot change.

What are some responses to failure in the fixed mindset?

No effort, give up, yell.

What is the growth mindset (incremental theory)?

The belief that abilities can be changed through growth, learning, practice, hard work, and education.

What are some responses to failure in the growth mindset?

Mastery-oriented pattern of behavior.

How do fifth-grade students respond to being praised for intelligence versus effort?

Praised for intelligence: lied about scores, wanted to see others' scores.

Why do lay theories matter under conditions of failure and challenge?

They affect the meaning of failure and effort.

What is surface-level diversity?

Differences in easily perceived characteristics such as gender, race, ethnicity, age, or disability, that do not necessarily reflect the ways people think or feel but that may activate certain stereotypes.

What is deep-level diversity?

Differences in values, personality, and work preferences that become progressively more important for determining similarity as people get to know one another better.

What is discrimination?

Noting a difference between things

What is the "Talent Mindset" according to Jeff Skilling, CEO of Enron?

Obsessed with his own brilliance and "smart" people: lesser and greater men.

What is the "Growth Mindset" according to Jack Welch?

Learned from mistakes.

What is the effect of negative feedback on students transitioning from high school to college?

It can be discouraging and lead to a decrease in motivation and performance.

What is domain-specific achievement beliefs?

A certain kind of "mind" to succeed in a field.

What is the effect of lay theories on individuals under conditions of failure and challenge?

Lay theories matter.

What is discrimination?

Noting a difference between things

What is stereotyping?

Judging someone based on one's perception of the group to which that person belongs.

What is stereotype threat?

The degree to which we are concerned with being judged by or treated negatively based on a certain stereotype.

What are biographical characteristics?

Personal characteristics - such as age, gender, race, and length of tenure - that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records.

What is ability?

An individual's capacity to perform the various tasks in a job.

What are intellectual abilities?

The capacity to do mental activities - thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving.

What is general mental ability (GMA)?

An overall factor of intelligence, as suggested by the positive correlations among specific intellectual ability dimensions.

What are physical abilities?

The capacity to do tasks that demand stamina, dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics.

What is diversity management?

The process and programs by which managers make everyone more aware of and sensitive to the needs and differences of others.

What are faultlines?

The perceived divisions that split groups into two or more subgroups based on individual differences such as race, gender, or age.

What are faultlines?

Perceived divisions that split groups into two or more subgroups based on individual differences such as sex, race, age, work experience, language, and education.

What is modern bias?

Most people deny prejudice, yet 30-50% of minority individuals experienced discrimination.

What is stereotyping?

Beliefs about the typical characteristics of members of a group.

What is prejudice?

An affective disposition towards a distinguishable group of people based only on their membership in that group.

What is discrimination?

Unjustified action toward a member of a group because of his or her membership in that group.

What are the limits of information processing?

People have limited cognitive resources.

What is top-down processing of social phenomena?

Schema.

One of the primary tools of fast automatic judgment. A pattern imposed on complex reality.

What is a schema?

A pattern imposed on complex reality or experience to help us interpret, explain, and predict.

What is a person schema?

An organized set of general knowledge and beliefs about people's traits and characteristics.

What is the advantage of stereotypes?

Cognitive economy and suggest course of action and interaction.

What are the disadvantages of stereotypes?

Cognitive shortcuts can lead to errors, individuals erected to behave in line with group stereotypes, experience anxiety ex.

What is the stereotype inconsistent behavior?

It threatens our ability to make sense of the world, stereotypes are prescriptive, not just descriptive.

What is the gender double bind?

A "Catch22" situation where women are liked less and hired less often when they exhibit assertive behavior.

Heidi case study?

An experiment where an assertive entrepreneur was described with identical descriptions, but with a female or male name.

What is the difference between advocating for self and advocating for others?

Advocating for others is stereotype consistent for women, while advocating for self is seen as bad.

What is the definition of attitudes?

Evaluative statements or judgments concerning objects, people, or events.

What is the cognitive component of an attitude?

The opinion or belief segment of an attitude.

What is the affective component of an attitude?

The emotional or feeling segment of an attitude.

What is the behavioral component of an attitude?

An intention to behave in a certain way towards someone or something.

What is cognitive dissonance?

Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes.

What is organizational identification?

The extent to which employees define themselves by the same characteristics that define one's organization, forming the basis for which attitudes are engendered.

What is job satisfaction?

A positive feeling about one's job.

What is job satisfaction?

A positive feeling about one's job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics.

What is job involvement?

The degree to which a person identifies with a job, actively participates in it, and considers performance important to their self-worth.

What is psychological empowerment?

Employees' belief in the degree to which they affect their work environment, their competence, the meaningfulness of their job, and their perceived autonomy in their work.

What is organizational commitment?

The degree to which an employee identifies with a particular organization and its goals and wishes to maintain membership in the organization.

What is perceived organizational support (POS)?

The degree to which employees believe an organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being.

What is employee engagement?

The degree of enthusiasm an employee feels for the job.

What is corporate social responsibility (CSR)?

An organization's self-regulated actions to benefit society or the environment beyond what is required by law.

What is exit?

Dissatisfaction expressed through behavior directed toward leaving the organization.

What is voice?

Dissatisfaction expressed through active and constructive attempts to improve conditions.

What is loyalty?

Dissatisfaction expressed by passively waiting for conditions to improve.

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What is loyalty dissatisfaction?

Loyalty dissatisfaction is expressed by passively waiting for conditions to improve.

What is neglect dissatisfaction?

Neglect dissatisfaction is expressed through allowing conditions to worsen.