AP Human Geography Vocab Unit 2 Quiz 1

Agricultural Revolution

The transition from hunting and gathering to planting and sustaining.

Agricultural Density

the number of farmers per unit area of farmland

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Census

the official count of a population

crude birth rate

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

crude death rate

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Demographic Transition Model

A tool demographers use to categorize countries' population growth rates and economic structures.

Demography

the study of the social characteristics and statistics of a human population.

dependency ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

dependent population

individuals who are 0-14 or over 65

doubling time

the amount of time it takes for the population of a region to double.

Ecumene

The proportion of the earth inhabited by humans.

Epidemiologic Transition

changing patterns of population distributions in relation to changing patterns of mortality, fertility, life expectancy, and leading causes of death.

epidemiology

Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid development of industry that started in Great Britain in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

measures how many babies, per thousand births, die before their first birthday

life expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.

Malthusian Theory

The theory that population grows faster than food supply

Midlatitudes

Between 30 N and 60 N and 30 S and 60 S

Medical Revolution

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

A statistic used to measure the growth of population in a region, exclusive of immigration and emigration.

Neo-Malthusians

group who built on Malthus' theory and suggested that people wouldn't just starve for lack of food, but would have wars about food and other scarce resources

Overpopulation

The lack of necessary resources to meet the needs of the population of a defined area.

Pandemic

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

Population Pyramid

A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex

potential workforce

people ages 15-64 that are expected to be the society's labor force

Redistricting

The redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population.

sex ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

social stratification

a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.

Thomas Malthus

An English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834).

E. G. Ravenstein

British demographer who studied internal migration in England. From these studies he created the Laws of Migration with some relevant today

Ester Boserup

The Danish economist (1910-1999) who argued that rising populations will stimulate human societies to produce more food through innovation and technology.

aging population

Population ageing is an increasing median age in the population of a region due to declining fertility rates and/or rising life expectancy.

Anti-Natalist Policies

is a scheme or law that a government may adopt in order to control their population growth. … An example of an anti-natalist policy, which encourages families to have fewer children, is the famous 'one-child policy' in China, introduced in 1978-1980.

arithmetic growth

refers to the situation where a population increases by a constant number of persons (or other objects) in each period being analyzed

carrying capacity

The largest number of people that the environment of the region can support.

Contraception

the deliberate use of artificial methods or other techniques to prevent pregnancy as a consequence of sexual intercourse.

Demographic Momentum

is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution.

endemic

(of a disease or condition) regularly found among particular people or in a certain area.

epidemic

a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.

exponential growth

Growth that occurs when a fixed percentage of new people is added to a population each year. Exponential growth is compound because the fixed growth rate applies to an ever-increasing population.

family planning services

are defined as "educational, comprehensive medical or social activities which enable individuals, including minors, to determine freely the number and spacing of their children and to select the means by which this may be achieved"

Matriarchal

relating to or denoting a form of social organization in which a woman is the head.

mortality

death, especially on a large scale.

Patriarchal

relating to or denoting a form of social organization in which a man is the head.

Pro-Natalist Policies

in public policy typically seeks to create financial and social incentives for populations to reproduce, such as providing tax incentives that reward having and supporting children.

cohort

A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit.

Baby Boomers

A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity.

Baby Bust

Period of time during the 1960s and 1970s when fertility rates in the United States dropped as large numbers of women from the baby boom generation sought higher levels of education and more competitive jobs, causing them to marry later in life.

Generation X

A term coined by artist and author Douglas Coupland to describe people born in the United States between the years 1964 and 1980. This post-baby-boom generation will have to support the baby boom cohort as they head into their retirement years.

Millennials

also known as Generation Y (or simply Gen Y), are the demographic cohort following Generation X and preceding Generation Z. Researchers and popular media use the early 1980s as starting birth years and the mid-1990s to early 2000s as ending birth years.

Generation Z

is the demographic cohort after the Millennials. Demographers and researchers typically use the mid-1990s to early-2000s as starting birth years. There is little consensus regarding ending birth years. Most of Generation Z have used the Internet since a young age and are comfortable with technology and social media.