SHS 315 RAT 5

What phrase is the cerebral cortex called?

seat of consciousness

What is the cerebral cortex/ what is it involved with?

makes up the bulk of human brain and is involved with voluntary functions and sensory info

What does the cerebellum do? (describe the pathway)

info from peripheral sensors coordinates with motor plan of cerebrum to provide body with ability to make finely tuned motor gestures

What is the basal ganglia and what does it do?

is a group of nuclei with functional unity deeply involved in background movement, modifies output from cerebrum

What does the central nervous system contain and where is it housed?

brain stem: (subcortical structure, cerebrum, cerebellum) and spinal cord, housed inside bone

What does the peripheral nervous system contain and where is it housed?

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and sensory receptors, housed outside of bone

Axons are covered with what white fatty wrapping?

myelin sheath

Myelin is made of what in the PNS?

Schwann cells

Myelin is made of what in the CNS?

ogliodendrocytes

What does myelin do?

speeds up neural conduction

How much does the cerebrum weigh?

3 lbs

What is the most organized structure of human body?

cerebrum

What is the largest structure of the human body?

cerebrum

What is the cerebrum divided into?

right and left hemispheres

What is the cerebrum wrapped in and why?

3 meningeal linings to protect and support

What is the corpus callosum?

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

How many axons are in the corpus callosum?

200 million axons

What is the cerebral longitudinal fissure? (where is it at)

separates left and right cerebral hemispheres, down the midline of the brain

What does the cerebral longitudinal fissure house?

falx cerebri (it is a fold to separate hemispheres)

What does the central rolandic sulcus separate?

frontal and parietal lobes entirely

What does the lateral sylvian fissure do?

divide temporal lobe from frontal and anterior parietal lobes

What does the precentral sulcus do?

in the frontal lobe to divide precentral gyrus from rest of the frontal lobe

What does the postcentral sulcus do?

in parietal love to divide post central gyrus from parietal lobe

What does the precentral gyri contain?

motor cortex

What does the postcentral gyri contain?

sensory input

What does the frontal lobe do?

predominates in planning, initiation and inhibition of voluntary motion and cognitive function

What lobe is Broca's area?

frontal

What does Broca's area do?

important region for speech motor planning

What does the parietal lobe do?

receive somatic sensation from various body regions

What does the occipital lobe do?

receive visual stimulation

What is the anterior margin of the occipital lobe called?

parieto-occipital sulcus

What does the temporal lobe do?

important for auditory and receptive language processing

Where is Wernicke's located?

temporal lobe

What does Wernicke's do?

language comprehension, damage to this area results in disturbances in spoken language decoding

What is a gyrus?

convolution of mountains in the brain

What is a sulcus?

infolding valleys that separate gyri

What is Hommonculus?

differing amount of neural tissue allocated to motor control of different bodily structures is represented in a caricature called Hommonculus

What is the hippocampus involved in?

memory function

What is the thalamus?

gateway to consciousness because all information (except olfaction) traveling to the cerebral cortex pass through the thalamus, including pain, temperature, etc.

What does the brain stem do?

site of reflexes involved in respiration, body temperment, swallowing, and digestion, also the origin of cranial nerves

What does the cerebellum do?

responsible for coordinating motor commands with sensory input to control movement

What is the cerebellum involved in?

balance, posture, background muscle tone, coordination of voluntary movements, motor control, coordination

What is the Circle of Willis?

arteries that supply the brain patterned in a circular fashion

What does the upper motor neuron do?

the nerve cells and their axons arise from various cortical areas and projecting to the brain stem and spinal cord

What is the corticospinal tract?

arise from cortical cells and descends through brainstem to synapse with spinal cord motor neurons. It provides motor control

What is the corticonuclear tract?

arises from cortical cells and synapse with cranial nerves to provide bilateral innervation to muscles of head, neck, pharynx, larynx, face

What does the lower motor neuron do?

cranial and spinal nerves

What is cranial nerve 5?

Trigeminal - carries sensory information of the face and activates mastication

What is cranial nerve 7?

Facial nerve- activates muscles of the face to smile, frown, close our eyes and sensation of taste and salivary glands

What is cranial nerve 8?

vestibulocochlear nerve

What is cranial nerve 9?

Glossopharyngeal nerve- carrying information from the back of the throat that allow us to swallow normally and controls blood pressure

What is cranial nerve 10?

Vagus nerve- controls muscles of the throat and travels down to the chest and gastrointestinal tract to stimulate brandycardia and increase gastric motility

What is cranial nerve 12?

Hypoglossal nerve - controls the muscles that move the tongue