PAPER 1 | GCSE GEOGRAPHY EDEXCEL A | FULL SET

All key terms and important facts ( case studies included ) to pass your paper 1!

3 Types of tropical cyclones/storms

Typhoon, cyclone, hurricane

Abiotic

All non-living parts of an ecosystem eg soil/sun

Afforestation

planting trees

Air mass

A huge body of air that has similar temperature, humidity, and air pressure at any given height

Altitude

the height of the land

American Squirrel monkey adaptation in TRF

Smaller thighs than calves for greater jumping power and ability to jump longer distances.

An example of an epiphyte

Orchid

At what wind speed does a storm become a tropical cyclone?

74mph

Atmospheric circulation

Air moving from high to low pressure areas causing winds to form

Attrition Definition

the process where rocks and sediment carried by a river or waves knock against each other and become smaller, smoother, and more rounded.

biological weathering

the process by which living organisms break down rocks

Biome

A group of ecosystems with similar climates and organisms

Biome of the UK

Temperate/Deciduous forest

Biosphere

the part of Earth where life exists

Biotic meaning

All living components of an ecosystem eg animals

Causes of deforestation TRF

Road Building, logging, Hydro Electric Power dams (HEP), Urbanisation/Pop growth, Agriculture-Cattle ranching + Soya farming, Mining

Characteristic of woodland biome

Many trees

Fertile, nutrient rich soil

Climate

The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time

Climate Change impacts on the DW

Forces DW further north (seeds)

Polluted water

Reduced biodiversity

Climate change impacts on the TRF

Less biodiversity

Increased death rates

Some species may go extinct

Extreme temperatures

Climatic factors examples

Precipitation

air pressure

temperature

prevailing winds

Cold Ocean current example

Humboldt Current

Constructive wave

a wave where the swash is stronger than the backwash

Continental air mass characteristics

Warm and sunny days

Coriolis effect

The effect of Earth's rotation on the direction of winds and currents.

Deer adaptation DW

Spotted fur for camouflage in woodland setting

Define hard engineering.

Man-made structures built to control the flow of rivers and reduce flooding.

Define igneous rock.

Igneous rock is formed when magma from the mantle cools and hardens.

Define the term bay.

A bay is a wide, curved indentation of the shoreline, often with a beach.

Define the term fetch.

Fetch is one of the factors that determines the height and strength of a wave, it refers to the distance the wind has blown over the water.

Define the term mass movement.

Mass movement is the downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity.

Define the term saltation.

Saltation is the bouncing movement of particles along the river bed.

Define the term slump

A slump is a type of mass movement where a large area of land moves down a slope in one piece, leaving a curved, indented surface behind

Define the term weathering.

Weathering is the breakdown of rocks and minerals at the Earth's surface due to physical, chemical, and biological processes.

Deforestation causes DW

Agriculture

Timber extraction- reduced by coniferous forest

Population growth/urbanisation

Destructive wave

a wave where the backwash is greater than the swash

Detritivores

Organisms that eat dead organic matter

Different groups that respond to tropical cyclones

Individuals and communities

Organisations

Governments

Drought

A long period of dry weather/below average precipitation

DW fauna adaptations

Adapted to survive cold winters when little food left to eat;

Migration

Hibernation

Food storage

Ecosystem

A community of organisms and their abiotic environment

ecotourism

A form of tourism that supports the conservation and sustainable development of ecologically unique areas

Enhanced Greenhouse effect causes

Human activities like burning fossil fuels

Enhanced greenhouse effect definition

The increased Greenhouse effect which humans are responsible for - Less heat escapes into space

Environmental Impacts of Californian drought

Less Vegetation due to dry and cracked soil, Animals are dehydrated and at risk of extinction.

Epiphytes

Small plants that grow on other trees' branches and get nutrients from air

Estimated Property Damage cost by Hurricane Sandy

around 65 BILLION USD

Example of a warm ocean current

Gulf Stream/ Gulf of Mexico

Example of Detritivores diet

faeces

examples of goods

Fuel

Timber

Food

Medicine

Examples of local factors

Distance from sea, Altitude, Distance from equator, Soil/Rock type, Ocean currents

Examples of NGOs that responded to Ethiopian Drought

Unicef, Oxfam, etc.

Examples of responses to tropical cyclones

Evacuations

Rescue Efforts

Providing Aid

Repairing Infrastructure

Improved Forecasting

Examples of Services

Tourism - Economy

Soaking up CO2 by plants

Fauna examples TRF

Toucan

Poison dart frog

American Squirrel Monkey

Fauna of the DW

Hedgehog, deer, fox, badger

Fox adaptation DW

dig deep dens to keep warm in the winter

Function of ocean currents

To redistribute heat around the world

Goods of the TRF

Medical drugs

Oxygen

Timber- hardwood

Heathlands biome characteristics

Not many trees

Bright and colourful flora

Flat land

Sandy soil

Hedgehog adaptation DW

Hibernate when food is low

High air pressure

Cooler air sinks and hotter air rises

In summer - hot and sunny

In winter- cold and sunny

How are jet streams made/ what are the causes?

Formed when hot and cold air meet.

Air north of a jet stream is cool

Air south of a jet stream is warm

How are oxbow lakes formed

Oxbow lakes form when one meander erodes into another, cutting off water to part of the stream channel.

How are Sedimentary rocks formed?

Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments and the remains of plants and animals that have settled at the bottom of a lake or ocean.