TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS OVERALL

What are some features of a transport system?

Medium to carry substances, Pump, Valves,

What is the importance of medium to carry substances

liquid is able to dissolve substances

what is the importance of a pump in a transport system?

move the fluid

what is the importance of valves in a transport system?

maintain one way flow

What are some features that a transport system may have>

Respiratory pigments

System of vessels

Why might a transport system have respiratory pigments

increases volume of oxygen that can be transported

Why might a transport system have a system of vessels

System of vessels with a branching network allows distribution of the transport medium to all parts of the body

What are the two types of circulatory systems?

Open circulatory systems

Closed circulatory systems

Open circulatory system

the blood does not move around the body in blood vessels but bathes the tissue directly while held in a cavity called the haemocoel

Describe the vascular system of insects

Open circulatory system

Dorsal tube shaped heart

Respiratory gases not carried in blood

Why do insects not have respiratory pigments?

As oxygen diffuses directly into the tissues from the tracheoles so blood does not have respiratory pigments and does not transport blood

Closed circulatory system

Blood moves in blood vessels

Two types of closed circulatory systems

Single

Double

Single circulatory system

Blood moves through heart once in its passage around the body.

Fish:

Ventricles of the heart pump ____________ blood into the _____.

where capillary network reduces its __________,

oxygenated blood is carried into _________.

deoxygenated blood returns to _______ of the heart and blood moves to the ___________ and ______________ starts again

deoxygenated

gills

pressure

tissues

atrium

ventricle

circulation

Describe the vascular system of earthworms

Vascularisation

Closed circulatory systems

Respiratory gases carried in blood

Double Circulatory System

Blood passes through the heart twice in its circuit around the body

What circulatory systems do mammals have?

Double

What are the advantages of a double circulatory system

Maintains blood pressure around the whole body

Uptake of oxygen is more efficient

Delivery of oxygen and nutrients is more efficient

Blood pressure can differ in pulmonary and systemic circuits

Describe double circulatory system in humans

Pulmonary Circuit - heart and lungs

Systemic Circuit - heart to organs

Name the blood vessels

Arteries

Arterioles

Veins

Venules

Capillaries

Describe the pathway of blood through blood vessels

Heart

Arteries

Arterioles

Capillaries

Venules

Veins

Heart

What direction do arteries carry blood in?

away from the heart under high blood pressure

Adaptations of arteries

Thick, muscular walls

Elastic tissue

Narrow Lumen

How do thick muscular walls help with their function?

Handle high pressure without tearing

How does elastic recoil help arteries with their functions

allows recoil to prevent pressure surges

How does narrow lumen help arteries with their function

Narrow lumen to maintain pressure

What is the function of veins

Carry blood towards the heart under low pressure

What adaptations do veins have

Thin walls

Valves

Less muscular and elastic tissue

How does thin walls help veins with their function

Thin walls due to lower pressure

How do valves help arteries carry out their function?

Require valves to ensure backflow of blood doesn’t occur

How does less muscular and elastic tissue help veins in carrying out their functions

as they don’t have to control blood flow

What is the function of capillaries

Form a large network through the tissues of the body and connect the arterioles to the venules

Adaptations of capillaries

One cell thick

Very narrow

Numerous and highly branches

How do one cell thick walls help capillaries carry their function out?

short diffusion pathway

How does capillaries being very narrow help capillaries carry their function out?

So can permeate tissues

Red blood cells can lie flat against the wall, reducing the diffusion distance

How does capillaries being numerous and highly branched help capillaries carry their function out?

provides a large surface area

What is the function of arterioles

connect the arteries and the capillaries

Function of venules

Connect the capillaries and the veins

Relate the structure of arterioles and venules to their function:

Branch off arteries and veins in order to feed blood into capillaries

Smaller than arteries and veins so that the change in pressure is more gradual as blood flows to the capillaries

What are the four chambers of the mammalian heaty

Left atrium

Right atrium

Left ventricle

Right ventricle

Identidy the structures below:

A - left atrium

B - right ventricle

c - bicuspid valve

d - tricuspid valve

e - pulmonary vein

f - vena cava

g - semi-lunar valve

h - aorta

i - pulmonary artery

Describe the pathway of blood around the body

PLLAVRRP

Pulmonary Vein

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Aorta

Vena Cava

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Pulmonary Artery

Where are the atrioventricular valves found and what is their function?

Found between atria and ventricles

Prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria

What are the two types of atrioventricular valves?

Bicuspid (left side)

Tricuspid (right side)

Where are the semi-lunar valves found

Between the ventricles and arteries

Semi - lunar valves function

Prevent the backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles

What is the cardiac cycle?

describes the sequences of events of one heartbeat (contraction and relaxation)

Define the term systole

Where the heart muscle contracts

Define the term Diastole:

The stage of the cardiac cycle in which the heart muscle relaxes.

What stages does the cardiac cycle consist of?

Atrial Systole

Ventricular Systole

Diastole

Atrial Systole:

The atrium walls __________. Blood pressure in atria ________. This pushes the blood through ___________ and __________ down into relaxed ventricles

contract

increases

tricuspid

bicuspid

Ventricular Systole:

Ventricle walls _________ and increase blood pressure in the ___________.

Forces blood up through _______________ valves out of heart and into _____________ artery and aorta.

Blood cannot flow back as the valves are _________ due to high _____________ pressure.

Pulmonary Artery carries ____________ blood to lungs and aorta carries _____________ blood to the rest of the body.

contract

increases

semi - lunar valves

pulmonary

closed

ventricular

deoxygenated

oxygenated

Diastole:

The ventricles ________ therefore the volume of the ___________ increases. Pressure in the ventricles ________.

This risks blood in _____________ artery and aorta falling ________ into the ventricles.

relax

ventricles

falls

pulmonary

back

The atria also ________ during diastole so blood from _______ ______ and pulmonary veins enters _________ and cycle starts again

relaxes

vena cava

atria

Myogenic contraction

the heartbeat is initiated within the muscle cells themselves and is not dependent on the nervous or hormonal stimulation

The two sides of the heart work ____________. The atria contract at the _______ time, followed ____________ later by ventricles contracting together. A complete contraction and ___________ of whole heart which results in a _____________.

together

same

milliseconds

relaxation

heartbeat

When is the chamber emptied of blood

when it contracts W

When is the chamber filled with blood

when it relaxes

Atria walls have ________ muscle as blood only goes to _______________. Ventricle walls contain more muscle, generate more __________ as they have to send blood ___________ _______.

little

ventricles

pressure

further away

Why does the left ventricle have a thicker muscular wall?

Left ventricle has a thicker muscular wall than the right ventricle as it has to pump blood a short distance to lungs

What does the heartbeat being myogenic mean?

initiation comes from heart itself

What role does the sino atrial node play in initiating the heartbeat

acts as a pacemaker

sends wave of excitation across atria

causing them to contract simultaneously

What role does the layer of connective tissue play in initiating the heartbeat.

prevents waves of excitation passing down to ventricles

So the wave can pass to the atrioventricular node

where there is a delay to complete the contraction

What role does the atrio ventricular node play in initiating the heartbeat

sends impulses down the bundle of His to the apex of the heart

Where does the impulse then travel up?

branched Purkinje fibres

What role do the purkinje fibres play in initiating the heartbeat

simulate ventricles to contract from the bottom up which ensures all blood is pumped out

A: Pressure in atrium __________ as it contracts, ________ blood through ____-__________ valves into the ventricles. As atria empties the valves ______ _____

increases

forcing

atrio ventricular

snap shut

B: _________ of thick muscular walls increases pressure in the ____________ when pressure in the ventricle ________ pressure in aorta, the _____ _________ valve leading to the aorta is forced open and blood enters the _______ increasing __________.

Contraction

ventricle

exceeds

semi lunar

aorta

pressure

C: As __________ wall relaxes, pressure drops in ______ ventricle and aorta. The semi lunar valves ________ preventing blood flowing back into ventricle

_________ ________ of aorta walls increases pressure momentarily

ventricle

both

close

elastic recoil

D: As ventricles fully relax, ___________ in aorta walls causes atrio-ventricular valves to ______ and the ventricle to fill with ______.

contraction

open

blood

What does ECG stand for?

Electrocardiogram

The __________ activity that spreads through the heart during the ________ cycle can be detected using ___________ placed on the skin and shown on a _________ ray oscilloscope

electrical

cardiac

electrodes

cathode

What does the P wave show?

Depolarisation of atria - Atrial Systole W

What does the QRS wave show?

Spread of depolarisation through ventricles - Ventricular Systole W

What does the T wave show?

Repolarisation of ventricles - Diastole

Arrythmia

The heart beating at a wrong speed and wrong rhythm

Fibrillation

Irregular and often rapid rate

When does fibrillation occur?

when two upper chambers of your heart experience chaotic electrical signals

Myocardial Infarction

Heart attack or cardiac arrest

When does myocardial infarction occur?

when blood flow decreases or stops to the peart of a heart causing damage to heart muscle

Normal ECG

Blood

tissue made of cells and plasma

Main function of red blood cells

transport oxygen from lungs to respiring tissue

Adaptations of red blood cells

Biconcave disks

Thin centre

No nucleus

Advantage of: Biconcave discs

Large surface area Advantage of:

Advantage of: thin centre

short diffusion pathway Advantage of:

Advantage of: no nucleus

more room for haemoglobin

Red Blood

Oxygenated B

Blue Blood

Deoxygenated

Oxygen Dissociation Curve:

Red blood cells _______ oxygen in the lungs where oxygen’s ________ pressure is high and haemoglobin is ___________ with oxygen. The cells carry oxygen to __________ tissue, there partial pressure of oxygen is _____.

load

partial

saturated

respiring

low

Foetal Dissociation Curve:

• The haemoglobin in the blood of a foetus must ________ oxygen from __________ haemoglobin at placenta.

• The foetus has haemoglobin that _______ which gives foetal haemoglobin a ________ affinity for oxygen than mother’s haemoglobin at the ________ partial pressure of oxygen.

• Their blood flows very _____ in placenta so oxygen transfers to ________ blood and at any partial pressure of oxygen _____________ of the foetus blood is ___________ than the mother’s moving the whole dissociation curve to the ______.

absorb maternal

differs higher same

close foetus’ saturation higher left

Dissociation curve:

With an increase in _________, oxygen partial pressure in atmosphere ___________.

Llamas’ haemoglobin has a dissociation curve that is to the _______ of human hB. Its haemoglobin has a higher _______ for oxygen at _____ oxygen partial pressure so loads more oxygen more ________ in the lungs and releases oxygen when partial pressure is _____ in its respiring tissues.

altitude decreases

left affinity all readily low

What happens when CO2 concentration increases?

Haemoglobin releases oxygen more readily.

Why are points all lower on the curve

Haemoglobin is less saturated with oxygen at any oxygen partial pressure.

What does the shift account for?

unloading of oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin in respiring tissues where partial pressure of CO2 is high

Bohr Effect

The movement of the oxygen dissociation curve to the right at a higher partial pressure of CO2 because at a given partial pressure has a lower affinity for oxygen.

Chloride Shift

Diffusion of chloride ions from the plasma into the red blood cells, preserving electrical neutrality

How can carbon dioxide be transported?

• Hydrogencarbonate ions - 85%

• Combines directly to haemoglobin to make carbaminohaemoglobin - 10%

• Dissolved in plasma - 5%

Where does the chloride shift occur

tissue capillaries