a&p lab practical 2 (bones)

the axial skeleton consists of:

• skull

• hyoid bone

• vertebral column

• ribs

• sternum

• auditory ossicles

the appendicular skeleton consists of:

• pectoral girdle

• clavicle

• scapula

• upper limb

  • humerus

  • radius

  • ulna

  • carpals

  • metacarpals

  • phalanges

• lower limb

  • femur

  • patella

  • tibia

  • fibula

  • tarsals

  • metatarsals

  • phalanges

process

general term for projection from the surface of the bone

tubercle

a relatively small bump on a bone

tuberosity 

relatively large, rough area on a bone

spine

short, sharp projection

condyle

a smooth surface that articulates with another bone

epichondyle

projection above a chondyle

head

a terminal projection that articulates with another

neck

constriction below the head

crest

an elevated ridge of bone

line

smaller elevation than a crest

facet

smooth, flat face

trochanter

a large bump (on femur)

• greater or lesser

foramen

a shallow hole

sinus

cavity

meatus or canal

deeper hole

fossa

a depression in a bone

notch 

a deep cut out

groove or sulcus

elongated depression

fissure

long, deep cleft

epiphysis

• proximal and distal ends of long bone 

• epiphyseal plate

  • line of hyaline cartilage that increases in thickness with the division of chondrocytes

diaphysis

shaft of the long bone

spongey bone

• cancellous

• porous, lattice like structure

• provides strength and reduces weight

• inner most bone type

• made of trabeculae: thin rods of bone that run parallel with stressor

compact bone

• cortical

• dense, hard outer layer

• provides strength and skeletal protection

yellow bone marrow

• adipose containing

• soft, spongey

• found in hollow center of long bones

red bone marrow

• hematopoietic (blood forming)

• spongey, soft tissue

• as person ages, red marrow changes to yellow

• found in long bones, ribs, skull, spine, and pelvis

articular cartilage

• found in epiphysis at ends of long bones 

• composed of hyaline cartilage and helps reduce friction at ends of joints

periosteum

• dense connective tissue that covers the outer portion of bone

• where nerves and blood vessels are located

• anchoring point for tendons and ligaments 

osteon

modular unit of bone

central canal of osteon

• hole in the middle of osteon

• houses blood vessels and nerves in dense bone tissue

• typically runs vertically

osteocytes of osteon

• mature bone cells

• respond to stress on bone and remodel bone in response

lacunae of osteon

• small cavities that contain mature bone cells

  • houses osteocytes

canaliculi of osteon

• thin tubes that connect lacunae

• provides passageway through dense bone material

3 types of lamellae:

• concentric 

• interstitial 

• circumferential

concentric lamellae

cylindrical layers of bone matrix that surround central haversian canal

interstitial lamellae

irregularly shaped bone tissue remains that fill spaces between osteons

circumferential lamellae

thin, flat layers of bone matrix that wrap completely around the circumference of bone shaft

long bones

• longer than they are wide with prominent shaft and two ends

  • femur

  • tibia

  • fibula

  • humerus

  • radius

  • ulna

  • phalanges

short bones

• cube-like shape

  • carpals 

  • tarsals

flat bones

• thin, broad, sometimes curved

  • skull bones

  • ribs

  • sternum

  • scapulae

  • pelvic bones

irregular bones

• complex in shape

  • vertebrae

  • pelivs

  • skull bones

  • hyoid

  • mandible

  • maxilla