Unit 3 APWORLD: Land-based empires

Ottoman Empire Location

northern coast of Africa, southern Europe, western asia

religion of the Ottoman empire

Sunni Muslim (religiously tolerant)

Ottoman political info

Suleyman- created law code that governed criminal and civil issues

• combined Muslim laws with common laws

• simplified, fair tax

• freedom of religion

Ottoman military info

Janssaries- elite fighting force

• part of dervshime system

• extremely powerful

Ottoman and European interactions

• since they were Muslim, they didn’t interact often with christians

• combined European forces pushed them out of Austria and Hungary

  • never threatened central Europe again

location of Safavid empirfe

modern day Iraq and Iran

religion of Safavid empire

shia Muslim (converted people they conquered)

Safavid political info

• europeans supported them economically

• used merit to employ gov’t workers

• Weak leaders led to their decline

Safavid military info

• molded their army based on ottoman Janssaries

Safavid and European interactions

• peace treaty with europeans

  • they both had a common enemy, the Ottomans

Mughal Empire location

india

Mughal religion

Sunni Muslim

Mughal Political info

• caste system stays put

• akbar- expands the empire the furthest

  • religiously tolerant

  • collection of semi-independent states

  • ended non-muslim tax

  • cultural blending

Mughal military info

Shah Jahan ran excessive military campaigns

Mughal and European interactions

decline of their empire was caused by Brtish takeover during the Indian revolts.

Christianity in the 1500s

Christianity consisted of two branches, Roman Catholic and Orthodox Catholic

Father of the protestant reformaton

Martin Luther

Problems in the church

• corruption

• political conflicts

corruption within the church

• the church raised money through simony and selling indulgences

indulgences

buying these helped you get through purgatory (place where you serve your time for your sins, in between dying and heaven) faster. 

• helps rich people more than the poor

Nintey-Five Theses

Martin Luther’s list of complaints about the Church that he nailed to the door of a cathedral
- wanted to start a conversation

excommunitcated

no longer can take communion (eat bread as body of Christ, drink wine blood of Christ)

• automatically goes to hell

  • Luther’s punishment for 95 theses

protestant greivances

• indulgences

• simony- buying positions within the church

• decadent lifestyle of clergy

• salvation by works- rituals over faith and righteous living

• Bible wasn’t in vernacular

Christianity after the Protestant Reformation

• protestant religions: baptist, Lutheranism, Methodist, etc.

• orthodox Catholic and Roman catholic

protestant teachings

• Bible is the only source of truth

• People can and should read and understand the Bible themselves

• Salvation only comes through faith

Gutenberg Printing Press

enabled the spread of Luther’s ideas throughout Europe, copied Luther’s translated Bibles.

Henry the VIII

A protestant king in england

Why Henry VIII became protestant

wanted a divorce because his wife couldn’t produce a son, the pope wouldn’t give it to him. Decided to make his own church seperate from the Pope.

Anglican Church

“church of England” founded by Henry VIII. Did not believe in the authority of the Pope, leader was the king.

Bloody Mary

daughter of Henry VIII, turned England back to Catholicism, executed Anglicans.

Elizabeth the 1st

turned England back to Anglicanism after Bloody Mary

Peace of Augsburg

1555-”whose realm, whose religion”

• whatever kingdom you are in, you follow the religion of the king

30 years war

war between Catholics and Protestants from 1618-1648. Led to the deaths of 8 million people.

counterreformation

goals: stop the spread of protestantism

• How the church reacts to the reformation

Counter-reformation strategy #1: new religious orders

• devoted to helping people

• Ursuline: church people who specialized in education of young women

• refocused the Catholic church to helping people

Counter-reformation strategy #2: Council of Trent

meeting to try to improve the Catholic church, lasted 8-10 years.

• held to examine church doctrine and possible reform

• condemned and refuted protestant beliefs

• reduced the selling of indulgences

Counter-reformation strategy #3: The Inquisition

• church court: initially established to enforce uniformity of religion, later used to counter Protestantism

• featured intensive, prolonged interrogation and sometimes torture and execution.

Counter-reformation strategy #4: migration and diffusion

• actively spreading Catholicism to others around the globe

• ex: missionaries, also through force. 

Inca Empire

Native South American empire located in Andes region.

• Expanded under emperor Pakachuti who combined conquered tribes into an empire.

• mita system

Aztec Empire

The Mexicas established a capital city called Tenochtitlan.

• as they conquered, they enforced a tributary system

• not direct administrative control

• human sacrifices to “give back” human blood to the Gods. 

Mita system

utilized in the Inca empire, citizens gave their labor instead of money or goods as tax

Tributary system

utilized in the Aztec empire, conquered states were forced to pay tribute to the capital either through money, goods, military service, or even human sacrifice.