Chapter 17: Bandura - social cognitive theory

Bandura's _______________________ reciprocal causation determinism model assumes that personality is shaped by an interaction of person, behavior, and environment.

triadic

A ___________________ encounter is an unintended meeting of persons unfamiliar to each other.

chance

A ____________________ event is an environmental experience that is unexpected and unintended.

fortuitous

If behavior were completely a function of the _________________, Bandura believes that it would be much more varied and less consistent.

environment

The core of observational learning is ________________________.

modeling

Adolescents are most likely to model __________________ people.

high-status

The first process governing observational learning is _____________________.

attention

Bandura believes that ___________________ factors, such as memory and foresight, give some unity to personality.

cognitive

Self-____________________ refers to our beliefs about our capabilities to exercise control over events that affect our lives.

efficacy

Those expectations that refer to the likely consequences of our behavior are called __________________ expectations.

outcome

Ordinarily, _____________________, or mastery, provides the strongest source of self-efficacy.

performance

Self-efficacy is increased when we observe people of _____________________ ability performing an activity.

equal

Social _________________________ increases self-efficacy when a trusted individual convinces us that we have the ability to perform an activity.

persuasion

High efficacy and a responsive _______________________ are the best predictors of a successful outcome.

environment

With __________________ agency, we rely on the work of other people to control those social conditions that affect everyday living.

proxy

__________________ efficacy is the level of confidence people have that their combined efforts will produce social change.

collective

_________________________ of internal control is used to justify to oneself a behavior that would normally be morally unacceptable.

disengagement

One form of disengagement is to blame the __________________.

victim

When a terrorist blows up a government building, kills many adults and children, and refers to the deaths of the children as "collateral damage," he is using ____________________ labeling to disengage himself from the moral consequences of his actions.

euphamistic

Bandura believes that human functioning is a product of the mutual interaction of environment, person, and

a. heredity.

b. learning.

c. cognition.

d. behavior.

d. behavior

Bandura's social cognitive theory takes _____ perspective.

a. a behavioral

b. a learning theory

c. an existential

d. an agentic

d. an agentic

Bandura first became interested in clinical psychology when he

a. entered graduate school at Stanford University.

b. worked on the Alaska highway after graduation from high school.

c. met Skinner at the 1972 APA convention.

d. entered graduate school at the University of Iowa.

b. worked on the alaska highway after graduation from high school

Bandura believes that learning

a. can occur in the absence of a response.

b. is facilitated by the unconscious mind.

c. and performance are identical.

d. is not facilitated by reinforcement.

a. can occur in the absense of a response

According to Bandura, there are two major types of learning—observational and

a. modeling.

b. instinctive.

c. developmental.

d. enactive.

e. conditioning.

d. enactive

Modeling is enhanced when the person being modeled is

a. a low-status person.

b. attractive.

c. speaking a foreign language.

d. a social isolate.

e. a child.

b. attractive

According to Bandura, reinforcement

a. is necessary for learning.

b. is cognitively mediated.

c. is environmentally determined.

d. has extrinsic value.

b. is cognitively mediated

According to Bandura, the essence of humanness is

a. human agency.

b. imitation

c. aggression.

d. memory.

a. human agency

The primary component of Bandura's P factor is

a. cognition.

b. probability.

c. performance.

d. environment.

a. cognition

Chance encounters enter the triadic reciprocal causation paradigm at this point.

a. environment

b. behavior

c. person

d. any or all of these

a. environment

According to Bandura, if behavior were completely controlled by the environment, it would be

a. solely the result of chance.

b. less consistent and more varied.

c. rigid and stilted.

d. solely the result of imitation.

b. less consistent and more varied

People's expectations that they are capable of performing a behavior that will produce desired outcomes in any particular situation is called

a. outcome expectancy

b. self-efficacy

c. distortion of consequences

d. the self-system

b. self- efficacy

Which technique is LEAST likely to increase a person's self-efficacy?

a. verbal persuasion

b. increased emotional arousal

c. vicarious experiences

d. performance accomplishments

b. increased emotional arousal

Carlos has great confidence in himself as a hairdresser. However, the economy in his city has recently turned downward, and few people can afford a hairdresser. When Carlos applies for a job at Mr. Dan's Hair Salon, he will likely have high _______ and low _______.

a. self-efficacy; outcome expectations

b. self-efficacy; self-confidence

c. reward expectancy; self-efficacy

d. anxiety; motivation

a. self-effiacy; outcome expectations

Which of these is MOST likely to increase self-efficacy?

a. verbal persuasion

b. increased emotional arousal

c. decreased emotional arousal

d. performance accomplishments

d. performance accomplishments

Low self-efficacy and an unresponsive environment are MOST likely to result in

a. a high level of performance.

b. apathy and feelings of helplessness.

c. decreased locus of control.

d. increased optimism and self-confidence.

b. apathy and feelings of helplessness

The personal efficacy of many people working together to bring about social change is called

a. collective efficacy.

b. disengagement of internal control.

c. disengagement of external control.

d. outcome expectations.

a. collective efficacy

. Taylor, like most people, relies on auto mechanics, air conditioning repairmen, network news, and hundreds of other people who enhance her lifestyle. In so doing, Taylor is making use of

a. collective efficacy.

b. proxy efficacy.

c. self-efficacy.

d. self-regulation.

b. proxy efficacy

. A set of cognitive structures used to evaluate behavior describes Bandura's concept of

a. observational learning.

b. modeling.

c. the self system.

d. the ego.

e. the superego.

c. the self system

According to Bandura, the first requirement for self-regulation is

a. self-observation.

b. modeling.

c. a responsive environment.

d. motor production.

e. reinforcement.

a. self observation

Which of the following would be an example of disengagement of internal control?

a. A student skips class, and then tells the instructor that she had to attend her grandmother's funeral.

b. A child is punished for playing with his genitals and consequently represses the experience.

c. A conscientious doctor performs an illegal operation, but justifies her actions to herself by saying the surgery was necessary to save a life.

d. A store clerk shoplifts merchandise, feels guilty, and returns it before anyone notices.

c. A conscientious doctor performs an illegal operation, but justifies her actions to herself by saying the surgery was necessary to save a life.

Bandura believes that personal conduct is controlled by

a. an autonomous internal agent called the ego.

b. environmental stimuli.

c. reinforcement.

d. the triadic reciprocal causation paradigm.

d. the triadic reciprocal causation paradigm

The study by Bandura, Ross, and Ross involving young children and a Bobo doll found that

a. children exposed to an aggressive cartoon character were more aggressive than children not subjected to an aggressive model.

b. children exposed to an aggressive live model were more aggressive than children not subjected to an aggressive live model.

c. both of these was true.

d. neither of these was true.

c. a. children exposed to an aggressive cartoon character were more aggressive than children not subjected to an aggressive model.

b. children exposed to an aggressive live model were more aggressive than children not subjected to an aggressive live model.

The ultimate goal of social-cognitive therapy is

a. self-regulation.

b. self-actualization.

c. an increase in self-efficacy.

d. uncovering hidden conflicts.

a. self-regulation

Which statement is most consistent with Bandura's concept of humanity?

a. People are most strongly motivated to increase self-efficacy.

b. Human personality is formed mostly by the forces of biology.

c. People must successfully navigate the stages of development in order to become psychologically healthy.

d. Humans have the capacity to become many things, within the limits set by biology.

d. Humans have the capacity to become many things, within the limits set by biology.