Encountering World Music Exam 3 - Turkey and Egypt

Anatolia

Big chunk of Turkey, Asia Minor (Right side)

Arrangement

New version. Keeps enough to recognize source, adds to it and varies it. “Putting an old song into new clothes

Asymmetrical meter

measures that are divided into unequal groupings of beats or divisions, creating an uneven metric pulse (ex. in 7)

Arab World

North Africa and middle east. Coined in 1950s by egyptian president Al-Nassr. Arabic is main language. Includes Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Includes Arab Diaspora (dispersed people)

Azan

Islamic call to prayer. aGiven by Muezzin on Minerets at the Mosque. Given 5 times daily (predawn, noon, afternoon, dusk, hour and half after sunset). Maqam rast

Diaspora

dispersed people

Florid

lots of moving notes, elaborate

Imam

prayer leader of mosque. provides spiritual guidance

Delay

Echo. Modern studio effect (ex. Savval Sam arrangement of Bu Dunya Bir Pencere)

Digital Audio Workstation

DAW. software for recording. audio, MIDI data (notes for synthesizer to play), automation

Double-tracking

studio technique used in audio recording to add width, depth, and overall fullness to track. Used to thicken sound

Kaval

chromatic end-blown oblique flute (ex. in Marsis arrangement of Bu Dunya Bir Pencere)

kemence

small turkish bowed fiddle. Important in eastern black sea. It is unique: take finger nails and push on side of string to change notes

Makam

turkish scale system. 24 note octave. Turkish scale uses about 7 notes. A pitch collection, but also implies particular melodic shapes and musical gestures

Mode

scale

Ottoman Empire

defeated in WWI (1918). Modern Turkey developed out of this empire. Existed from 1299-1982

Production

process of creating, capturing, manipulating, and preserving music so that it can be distributed and enjoyed

Reverberation

modern studio effect. lingering decay of sound as it bounces off surfaces in an acoustic space. echo

Saz

baglama. turkish. 4 strings and 3 courses. Frets are strapped on and are movable. Can strum, tap, and pick

turku

thousands of officially collected Turkish folk songs. Semi-manufactured shared culture. still performed today. Arrangements are also popular

Folk Music

part of a close knit community. Music is strongly associated with identity of the community (“our music”). Usually performed by anyone in the community with varying skill levels. style and reparatory are widely known within the community. Audience is mainly the immediate community. It has fairly rigid style boundaries and is used to serve and express community

Commercial music

music intended for sale and a wide audience crossing community boundaries. Usually performed by professionals and there’s a separation between performer and audience. Not difficult to listen to (modest demands). Done to gain sales ($) and to capture attention of wide audience. It is used to break through/ cross community boundaries which means wider audience meaning more sales. Less rigid style boundaries

“Fine Art” music

“classical”. Purpose is to make an artistic statement. Anyone can perform. requires more attention than other styles. rewards listeners knowledge. might be absolute music or program music. about composers vision. doesnt depend on mass appeal

Importance of Turku for the modern Turkish music industry

Turku was a way for them to create a pan-turkish national identity after seperating from Ottoman Empire. They had music researchers to collect folk music. It creates international interest and it was used to create shared culture

How can a brief traditional folk song be arranged into a much longer recording for popular sale?

The arranger can add in more modernized musical elements making it more appealing to a wider audience. This can mean new instruments, more ornamentation, sound effects, etc.

How do modern arrangements of turku change the original style? How do they maintain connections to their folk origins?

They usually keep aspects of the folk origins like melody, possibly meter, and some original instruments but they change the origional style by adding in more modern instruments, sound effects, modern studio effects, and aspects from other cultures added in.

melisma

several notes per syllable of text. makes it longer

Mizmar

double reed, like oboe. loud melodic instrument (ex. 12.3) Egypt

Mosque

place of worship for Muslims

Recitation

spoken repetition of prayers, scriptures, or other sacred texts

Sufism

branch of Islam. Believe in mysticism - you can achieve direct experience from God in this life, before death. In egypt, 9% of Muslims are sufi.

mahd

genre of Egyption music. means “praise”. Songs are in praise of God or Mohammad or other important figures in Islam. Sung at formal religious settings (unaccompanied) or in public (coffee shops and often include small ensemble of percussion and melodic instruments)

Tabla

goblet shaped drum, often with ceramic body (looks like brass mouthpiece)

Through-composed

melody doesn’t repeat but there is room for improvision (ex. shaykh ramadan uways)

‘Ud

plucked string instrument (lute) (low notes). No frets. 4 double courses and one bass string. (ex. Bu Dunya Bir Pencere

Zaffa

band that plays at reception. Bride and grooms procession into wedding reception hall. (ex 12.3) Has Mizmar, tabla, mazhar, duff, and singing

Saccred

associated with religion

Secular

Associated not with religion

Music in Islamic society

Music is a part of most islamic culture but theres a seperation between secular music and religious recitation.

Structure and importance of Azan. How is it different than music?

It is a call to prayer given by a Muezzin on a mineret. It is given 5 times daily. Monophonic. Each line is given twice with a pause in between so phrase can be silently repeated to self. The second time through is always more melismatic/ornamented. Part of the 5 pillars of Islam. It is religious recitation.

When did modern turkey begin?

1923

What do turku arrangements incorporate

new instruments (electric), other muscial styles (other cultures/genres), and different instrumentation

Bu Dunya Bir Pencere

Turku. Horon dance from NE Turkey near black sea. Lyrics are 7 syllable phrases. asymetrical meter in 7

Gurcu Kizi by Bende Can

in 7 meter. turkish scale/mode system

Savval Sam arrangement of Bu Dunya Bir Pencere arranged by Aytekin

The arranger is known for using folk instruments, percussion, and synthesizers. Kept melody and meter (7) from original and added many instruments like Anatolian folk instruments, sound effects, and mode4rn effects like reverb, delay, echo. Little chunks of melody between interludes, sound effects at beginning. kemence at beginning, unmetered/free rhythm, improvisation going up and down scale

Bu Dunya Bir Pencere Marsis arrangement

made in 2009. kept the melody, meter, and kemence while adding new instruments, more singing, keval flute, rock guitar, and rock drums

What is largest Arab community outside of middle east?

Deerborne, MI

Muslim world

anywhere where islam is an important cultural and religious influence

shared music-culture in Arab world

music theory: scales, rhythmic organization, forms

common instruments'

relationship of poetry and storytelling to music

musical aesthetics

ultrafundamentalist

music is forbidden

call to prayer, shaykh mohammed gebril

given by muezzin on minerets. Azan. monophonic. each line given twice with space between to silently repeat to self. maqam rast scale

what do most religions include

belief system/world view, community, central myths, ritual/ceremony, ethical systems, emotional experiences, sense of sacred and secular, material expressions

christianity problem and solution

P - humanity is imperfect

S - Jesus

Islam problem and solution

P - refusal to submit to Gods will

S - following 5 pillars of islam

Buddhism problem and solution

P - human suffering

S - eliminate desire and ego through path

5 pillars of islam

creed (confessing belief in fundamental belief of islam)

5x daily prayer

charity to poor (2.5% of income)

fasting during ramadan

hajj (pilgramage to mecca)

shaykh

title for religious singer

Shaykh Ramadan Uways

performing in coffee house behind major mosque in cairo since 1960s. Croud is informal (eating, drinking, smoking). Music is amplified. Songs are based on sufi religious poetry. AAABBBA. through composed. improvised. instruments: Kawala, Ud, finger symbols, tabla, riqq

refrain of a zaffa

bride and grooms procession music into wedding reception hall. Instruments: mismar, tabla, mazhar, duff. calls godly blessings upon new couple. Mizmar is loud instrument

99 names of allah

made in 2000. Hishram Abbas: melody previously existed. celebrates the many names in which allah reveals his nature and qualities

Ex 12.2 mohd

sung religious poetry in sufi tradition. songs are in praise of god or mohammad or other important figures. sung at religious settings and in public