Biology Honors Biomolecules Unit Review

Unit review for biology upcoming test

What element do all organic molecules have?

Carbon (in all), Hydrogen, Oxygen

What is a substrate?

A molecule that binds with the enzyme to catalyze a chemical reaction.

What is the pH of an acid?

Under 7

What is the pH of a base?

Above 7

What does ‘denature’ mean?

When an enzyme breaks down or changes shape, causing it to not work.

What type of organic molecules are fats, oils, and waxes?

Lipids

What are enzymes?

Types of protein that affects the speed of chemical reaction.

What two environmental factors denature enzymes?

High temperature and extreme pH

If an enzyme graph is shown, which line would be the one with or without the enzyme?

• The shorter line is with enzyme

• The taller line is without an enzyme

What would happen if there wasn’t a enzyme?

Chemical processes would slow down and would require more energy.

What is the monomer of an carbohydrate called?

Monosaccharide

What are two monosaccharides combined called?

Disaccharide

What are three or more monosaccharides combined called?

Polysaccharide

What are simple sugars?

A type of carbohydrate composed of one or two sugar units. (Monosaccharide and Disaccharide)

What is the monomer of lipids called?

• Fatty Acids

• Glycerol

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Nucleotide

What is the monomer of proteins?

Amino acids

Function of carbohydrates?

Serves as rapidly available energy source and main energy source for all living things.

• Quick energy source

• Short-term energy storage

• Makes up cell walls

Function of lipids?

• Insulation (Fats)

• Long-term energy source (Fats)

• Cushions organs (Fats)

• Waterproofing (Oils and Waxes)

• Makes up cell membrane (Phospholipids and cholesterol)

• Steroid hormones ( Extra Credit: Estrogen and Testosterone)

The energy needed to get a reaction started

Activation Energy

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Catalyst

Saturated fatty acid vs. Unsaturated fatty acid

A saturated fatty acid only has a single bond and is solid at room temperature. While an unsaturated fatty acid has one or more double bonds and is liquid at room temperature.

Functions of DNA vs. RNA

• DNA: Stores protein recipes

• RNA: Transmits protein recipe copy to build a protein (in the ribosomes)

What is the substrate at the end of a chemical reaction called?

Product

Will the reaction rate increase or decrease when an enzyme is added to a reaction?

Increase

A sugar, phophate group, and nitrogen base forms which type of organic molecule?

Nucleotide

Starch is a storage carbohydrate found in…

Plants

Animals produce what to store excess sugar?

Glycogen

What is sugar produced during photosynthesis called?

Glucose

Which type of protein helps red blood cells carry oxygen?

Hemoglobin

Which type of protein helps the liver absorb sugar, lowering blood sugar?

Insulin

What type of lipid is found on leaves to keep them from drying out?

Wax

Elements of all organic molecules?

• Carbohydrate - C,H,O

• Lipids - C,H,O

• Nucleic Acid - C,H,O,N,P

• Protein - C,H,O,N,S*

If a picture is shown of multiple circle looking thingies connected together, what is it?

Chain of amino acid, protein.

What may cause an increase in the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction?

An increase in temperature (up to optimal temperature).

What do enzymes end in? How about amino acids?

• Enzymes: -ase

• Amino acid: -ine

What do carbohydrates and lipids both do?

Supply energy to living things

Why are high fevers dangerous?

High heat can denature enzymes.

What kind of bond holds two amino acids together?

Peptide

How do amino acids differ from each other?

In the identity of the ‘R’ group (side chain)

Subunits of triglyceride (lipid)

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids