Biomolecules Unit (REMASTERED)

quarter test time

What elements do all organic molecules have?

Carbon (in all), Hydrogen, Oxygen

What is a substrate?

A molecule that binds with the enzyme to catalyze a chemical reaction.

What is the pH of an acid?

Under 7

What is the pH of a base?

Above 7

What does ‘denature’ mean?

When an enzyme breaks down or changes shape, causing it to not work.

What are enzymes?

Types of protein that speed up a chemical reaction.

What may cause an increase in the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction?

An increase in temperature (up to optimal temperature).

What do enzymes end in?

Enzymes: -ase

Why are high fevers dangerous?

High heat can denature enzymes.

What is the substrate at the end of a chemical reaction called?

Product

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Catalyst

What two environmental factors denature enzymes?

High temperature and extreme pH

The energy needed to get a reaction started

Activation Energy

If an enzyme graph is shown, which line would be the one with and without the enzyme?

• The shorter line is with enzyme

• The taller line is without an enzyme

What would happen if there wasn’t a enzyme?

Chemical processes would slow down and would require more energy.

What is the monomer of an carbohydrate called?

Monosaccharide

What elements do carbohydrates contain?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. (CHO)

Functions of carbohydrates?

Serves as rapidly available energy source and main energy source for all living things.

• Quick energy source

• Short-term energy storage

• Makes up cell walls

What is the shape of a carbohydrate monomer?

Like a donut ring/stop sign

What are the five examples of carbohydrates?

• Glucose

• Starch (Plants)

• Glycogen (Animals)

• Cellulose (Plants)

• Chitin (Fungi)

What is glucose?

Sugar that is produced during photosynthesis

What is starch?

Polysaccharide that plants cells store

What is glycogen?

Polysaccharide that animal cells store

What is cellulose?

Polysaccharide in a plant cell wall

What is chitin

Polysaccharide in a fungal cell wall

The names of most carbohydrates end in what suffix?

-ose

What are two monosaccharides combined called?

Disaccharide

What are three or more monosaccharides combined called?

Polysaccharide

What are simple sugars?

A type of carbohydrate composed of one or two sugar units. (Monosaccharide and Disaccharide)

What do carbohydrates and lipids both do?

Supply energy to living things

What are the monomers of lipids called?

• Fatty Acids

• Glycerol

What elements do lipids contain?

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (A lot of carbon and hydrogen, and little oxygen) (CHO)

What are types of lipids?

Fats, oils, and waxes

Subunits of triglyceride (lipid)

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

What is the shape of a lipid monomer?

The letter ‘E’ or a jellyfish

Function of lipids?

• Insulation (Fats)

• Long-term energy source (Fats)

• Cushions organs (Fats)

• Waterproofing (Oils and Waxes)

• Makes up cell membrane (Phospholipids and cholesterol)

• Steroid hormones ( Extra Credit: Estrogen and Testosterone)

Examples of lipids?

• Fats

• Oils

• Waxes

• Phospholipids

• Cholesterol

• Steroid hormones

What type of lipid is found on leaves to keep them from drying out?

Wax

What is fat (lipid)?

Lipid used on long term energy storage, insulation, and protection of organs.

What lipids are commonly found in the cell membrane?

• Phospholipids (makes up the structure)

• Cholesterol (keeps the cell membrane fluid)

Saturated fatty acid vs. Unsaturated fatty acid

A saturated fatty acid only has a single bond and is solid at room temperature. While an unsaturated fatty acid has one or more double bonds and is liquid at room temperature.

Are lipids hydrophobic?

ye

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Nucleotide

What elements do nucleic acids contain?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

What is the shape of a nucleic acid monomer?

House (sugar), flag (nitrogen base), pool (phosphate group)

What are the parts of a nucleotide?

A sugar group, phosphate group, and nitrogen base.

Examples of nucleic acid

DNA and RNA

Functions of DNA vs. RNA

• DNA: Stores protein recipes

• RNA: Transmits protein recipe copy to build a protein (in the ribosomes)

What is the monomer of proteins?

Amino acids

What elements do proteins contain?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur (sometimes)

What are the parts of an amino acid?

Amino group, carboxyl group, and side chain

What is the shape of a protein monomer?

Butterfly

Functions of proteins?

• Structure - Makes up skin, muscles, nails, and hair.

• Transport (O2 and large charged particles)

• Receptors for signals

• Enzymes to speed up chemical reactions

• Peptide hormones to help regulate body functions

• Extra Credit: Builds microtubules (transporting and structural support organelles)

What are three examples of proteins?

• Insulin

• Hemoglobin

• Enzyme

What is hemoglobin?

A protein in red blood cells that helps carry oxygen throughout the body

What is insulin?

A protein that helps regulate blood sugar levels

What are enzymes? (yes its here again)

A protein that helps speed up chemical reactions

What suffix does amino acids end in?

-ine

If a picture is shown of multiple circle looking thingies connected together, what is it?

Chain of amino acid, protein.

What kind of bond holds two amino acids together?

Peptide

How do amino acids differ from each other?

In the identity of the ‘R’ group (side chain)

What is a lactase?

An enzyme that helps speed up the breakdown of lactase, the sugar in milk