Environmental Science - Exam 6

Bus rapid transit has been shown to be a cheaper and faster method of transportation than cars, but it requires

dedicated traffic lanes.

A nonprofit group is analyzing areas of Bangladesh to determine regions to label as slums. Which criteria should it use?

urban areas with substandard housing

In the mid-1800s, diseases like cholera and tuberculosis were rare in most of England, but frequent epidemics of these diseases would occur in densely populated London. This is an example of

an urban penalty.

Many urban areas are experiencing a decay of their infrastructure. Which of the following would be an example of this?

damaged roads and sidewalks

In the urban development of St. Louis, Missouri, a 1,300-acre park named Forest Park was created in 1876 near the downtown area. This type of development in urban areas is

green infrastructure.

The city of Denver, Colorado, contains over 700,000 residents and is one of the 20 most populous cities in the United States. If the nearby cities of Fort Collins and Colorado Springs were to grow to the point that all these cities were connected, this area could be defined as a

megalopolis.

Large supermarket chains can offer lower prices due to their ability to buy items in bulk. This shows the impact from

the economy of scale.

The city of Amarillo, Texas, is gathering data on traffic congestion. Over the past three years, workers have added lanes to many roads, increasing the capacity of the roads by 20%. Despite this increase in capacity, commute times in Amarillo have only decreased by 2%. What would explain these results?

induced traffic

Which of the following contributed to the rise of the suburbs in the 1940s and 1950s?

guaranteed home loans

Many people living in suburban areas are increasingly reliant on __ to get to work and school each day.

cars

LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is an organization that provides a voluntary rating of

sustainability features of new buildings.

The city of Boca Raton, Florida, is in need of improved organization of its downtown spaces, including the addition of green spaces and more multifamily units within walking distance of shops and restaurants. This work would be considered

urban planning.

The community of Stubville has a high population density and is surrounded by state land. If the state decides to open this land up for development, and a new highway is built leading out from Stubville to the surrounding areas, what could result from these changes?

suburban sprawl

Select the factor that can make an urban area more walkable.

shorter blocks arranged in a grid pattern

During the Great Depression, many migrant workers and families who had lost their homes were drawn to urban areas, where they believed they would find more opportunities. This is referred to as

bright lights syndrome.

One of the ways that feedback can be most effective is to be timely and specific. Which of the following would be the best way to provide feedback on household water usage?

a notification on your phone every time the water is on for more than 10 minutes

People are confused and upset if someone they are calling on the telephone answers “good-bye” and finishes the conversation with “hello.” This interaction is confusing because it

doesn’t follow social norms.

A nudge is a subtle change in the way options are presented that helps guide toward desired behaviors.

True

The purpose of emotional defense mechanisms is to

relieve us of bad feelings associated with a difficult situation.

You have just delivered your final class project to your teacher. As soon as your teacher starts reading your paper she begins to shake her head. You immediately think that your project must be terrible. This shows what type of behavior?

automatic thinking

Conformity is strongest when he behavior in question can be observed directly by members of a group.

True

The online platform designed to aggregate the actions of individuals into large, collective impacts is known as

EcoChallenge.org.

Many coffee shops will offer a 10-cent discount on coffee purchases if you bring in a reusable cup. This is an example of

an incentive.

You are studying at the library when you receive a notification on your phone. It informs you that someone has stolen your identity, and it requires immediate attention. If you respond to this information with the emotional defense mechanism of denial, what might you do?

delete the notification and go back to studying

If someone is passionate about reducing their impact on the climate, their effort to reduce electricity use, buy local foods, and use their vehicle less can also be termed as their

motivation.

A person believes that people who are right-handed are more intelligent. Based on your understanding of confirmation bias, which type of information would this person favor?

a single person who is right-handed and also very intelligent

A hotel chain is trying to encourage its customers to reduce their water usage during their stays. Which of the following would be the most effective prompt to reduce water usage?

a sign on the bathroom mirror reminding people to use less water

If someone fails to stop at a stop sign, hits another car, and then blames that driver for the accident, they would be displaying which type of emotional defense mechanism?

delegation

Which of the following is an incentive designed to boost participation in recycling programs?

charging a small deposit for each bottle that is refunded when recycled

The idea that people are resistant to change is based on what type of bias?

status quo

Mentally associating positive or negative feelings with certain words is an example of

framing.

Based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which of the following correctly orders these three human needs from highest need to lowest need? (Companionship, Safety, Water)

water, safety, companionship

Lasting change within an organization requires support from

all areas of influence.

What is a divestment in an investment portfolio?

removing a particular kind of asset

If a company says it is focused on the triple bottom line, the three factors taken into account are profits,

social, environmental concerns and profits

The folk wisdom that people are connected to one another by an average of __ degrees of separation is supported by experiments measuring how many steps it takes on average for a message to reach a target individual unknown to the original message sender.

six

Chapter 19 discusses an unlikely collaboration between Patagonia and Walmart. The goal of this collaboration is to

set standards for sustainability in apparel production.

Companies often use influencers to promote products because they

are often held in high regard within their communities.

In 2003, three investors start a local coffee shop. By 2010, the original shop has expanded to six locations but is still owned by the three original investors. By 2023, the chain has expanded to 640 locations in eight states. The original investors decide they will take the company public, and it is traded on the NASDAQ stock exchange. How would this company be defined in 2010?

privately (or closely) held

Adwoa has just been hired at an advertising firm. When she begins her orientation, a coworker discusses the patterns of behavior that are expected from her regarding sustainability. The details of the company’s recycling program are described, and as an employee, Adwoa is expected to follow all the recycling rules and guidelines. This describes the __ of the advertising firm.

organizational culture

Groups outside organizations can influence change through which of the following mechanisms?

boycotts

Four people from your neighborhood meet on Saturday mornings to run together. This is an example of a(n)

social group.

By being designated as a nonprofit organization, an organization

does not have shareholders.

An infectious disease can be spread to many people in a community, even to people that do not interact directly. The routes these diseases use to spread are defined as

social networks.

Which of the following is true regarding a benefit corporation?

It is allowed to pursue more environmentally driven objectives.

Which term below best describes the statement from the public broadcasting system, “To create content that educates, informs, and inspires”?

mission statement

Corporate social responsibility has been emphasized for which type of organizations?

publicly traded for-profit organizations

It is more impactful for a large multinational corporation to set sustainability goals than a smaller company because a large company

has larger social networks.

When Craig wakes up, he interacts with his family members, then he goes to visit a close friend. The people that he contacts during his day would be considered his

social context.