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empiricism
idea that all learning comes from only experience and observations
Scientific method
Process of logical reasoning to study human behaviour
Deductive reasoning
Start big with general ideas then move to specifics
Inductive reasoning
starts small with specifics and build up to the big picture reasoning
Theory
well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena
Hypothesis
Testable prediction about how the world will behave if our idea is correct
Operationalized
Define the construct by developing precise definitions of the dependent and independent variables
Reliability
Ability of a measure to consistently produce a given result
Inter-rater reliability
degree of agreement by two people
Test-retest reliability
Similar outcome over multiple administration
Internal consistency
degree of correlation between different items on a survey
Validity
Extent to which a tool or test instrument measures what it is intended to measure
Construct validity
degree of capture or measure of what it is intended to measure
Ecological validity
degree to which research can be generalized to the real world
Face validity
degree to which a given variable seems valid on the surface
Naturalistic
Observing sample/population in natural surroundings
Time-sampling
Frequency of behaviour recorded in brief observation intervals
Structured observation
a laboratory situation designed to elicit specific behaviour
Self-report observational methods
Structured interviews, structured questionnaires and free-form interviews
Case studies
Detailed record of an individual’s/group’s development
Ethnography
To understand why certain cultures act the way they do
Psychophysiological methods
Understands biological processes involved in perception, cognition, and emotion through the use of heart rate, ERPs, fMRIs, and eye tracking
R
correlation co-efficient, index of strength (indicated by absolute value) and direction of relation.
+R
Means that the variables move in the same direction
-R
Means that the variables move in opposite directions (inverse relationship)
Correlational methods
To determine whether a causal relationship exists
Experimental condition
Group that receives the treatment
Control condition
Receives no treatment or receives placebo
Confounding variable
extraneous factor influencing outcome of experimental deisgn
Random assignment
unbiased procedure for assigning participants to groups (matching, statistical controls)
Validity: External/ecological and internal
assesses whether conclusions drawn from laboratory studies apply to the real world
quasi/natural experiment
measures impact of a naturally occurring experiment, with no manipulation of variables
Cross-sectional design
Collecting data from many different individuals at a single point in time, people of different ages studied at the same time
Longitudinal design
Same participants observed repeatedly over time
Longitudinal-Sequential design
Combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal, analyzing different groups of people over a period of time to see how things change without the wait of longitudinal design, or the time-bound restrictions of cross-sectional design
Microgenetic design
To specify why a change occurs while the change is in progress, essentially studying changes that occur over a short period of time
Research Ethics Board (REB)
Ethics police, a research oversight group that evaluates research to protect the rights of participants
Informed consent
Provide as much information as possible, purpose, procedure, risks and benefits, so that people can make informed decisions
attrition
reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time
illusory correlation
seeing relationships between two things when in reality
IACUC
International animal care and use committe, members that review proposals for research involving non human-animals
IRB
Institutional review board, members that review proposals for research involving human participants
Note 
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