AP Euro: Age of Reformation

anti-clericalism

opposition to the clergy

simony and nepotism

the selling of church positions, giving benefits to your family

indulgences

"as soon as the coin in the coffers ring, the soul from purgatory springs"

clerical immorality

priests got drunk, neglected the rule of celibacy, gambled, or indulged in fancy dress

clerical ignorance

priests were barely literate and simply mumbled the Latin words of the Mass without understanding

clerical pluralism (absenteeism)

clerics had too many benefices to attend to all of them, yet still collected revenue from them

benefices

church offices

Reformation

a movement for religious reform

Protestant

a general term applied to all non-Catholic western European Christians

sola scriptura

the only authority in Christianity is the Bible

sola fide

salvation comes from faith alone

sola gratia

salvation comes by the free gift of God's grace

priesthood of all believers

Luther's revolutionary idea that all people of faith were equal in God's eyes

Luther and German nationalism

"German money for the German Church"

Luther and the printing press

allowed for the rapid spread of Luther's works/ideas (also distributed images, allowing even the illiterate to understand)

Diet of Worms

Luther refused to take back his ideas and was excommunicated

Martin Luther's background

studied at the University of Erfurt, studied law, joined the Augustinian friars due to a sense of religious calling, was ordained as a priest, and served as a professor at the University of Wittenberg until his death

Augustian friars

a religious order whose members often preached to, taught, and assisted the poor

religious order

groups whose members took vows and followed a particular set of rules

Martin Luther's influences

Saint Paul's letters in the New Testament

95 Theses

arguments written by Martin Luther against indulgences

Johann Tetzel

a Dominican friar who ran Archbishop Albert's indulgence sale to fund building plans in Rome

German Peasants' Revolt

caused by poor economic conditions, crop failure, and radicals calling for social reform using Luther's ideas as support

Luther's response to the German Peasants' Revolt

denounced, believed that freedom meant independence from the Roman Church, not secular powers

Ulrich Zwingli

another early reformer, breaks from Luther in his understanding of the Eucharist

the highest form of Christian life

everyone should serve God in their individual calling

Anabaptists

radicals who took the Bible literally (adult baptism, total separation of church and state, called for communal ownership of property) and were hated by Catholics and Protestants alike

Eucharist (Communion)

a ritual in which bread and wine are consumed

Luther's beliefs on Communion

Christ is present in the consecrated bread and wine, but as a result of God's mystery rather than a priest

Zwingli's beliefs on Communion

it was a memorial in which Christ was present in spirit among the faithful, but not in the bread and wine itself

Colloquy of Marburg

attempted to unite Protestants and succeeded with everything except Communion

the allowing of divorce (Protestant Reformation)

allowed marriages in which one or more parties' souls and/or well-being were damaged to be dissolved (last resort)

the effect of monasteries and convents closing

upper-class Protestant women lost opportunities and occupations that were not marriage

impact of reformations on education

everyone should be educated enough to read the Bible, including girls/women and the laity

Habsburgs

powerful af dynasty who married their way into power

Charles V

a Habsburg and ruler of the Holy Roman Empire

the appeal of Lutheran ideas to German rulers

material considerations - legal confiscation of lush farmlands, rich monasteries, and wealthy shrines - and more independence from the emperor

Imperial Diet

called by Charles V to try to halt the spread of religious division

Augsburg Confession

a statement of faith developed by the Lutherans but rejected by Charles V (he also ordered them to return confiscated church property, sparking violence)

Peace of Augsburg

officially recognized Lutheranism after years of fighting, allowing each territory to decide whether it would be Catholic or Lutheran (however, all the people in those territories had to belong to that religion!)

English Reformation

result of the disagreement between Henry VIII and the Pope, created the Church of England

evangelical

refers to the grassroots movement of individual persons, towns, and communities spreading the new reform gospel through preaching, conversation, and town disputations

magisterial

imposed from the top down, by magistrates, princes, and monarchs

Henry VIII's title

"The Defender of the Faith"

Anglican Church of England

established by Henry VIII to get a divorce and become head of the church (functionally the Catholic Church, but with the crown in charge instead of the pope)

Thomas Cromwell

advisor of Henry VIII - responsible for the acquisition of land and financial overseer (formed and centralized the king's household, council secretariats, and Exchequer)

Act of Succession

legitimized Anne Boleyn's children

Act of Supremacy

Henry VIII becomes head of the new Anglican Church

Thomas Cranmer

put English Bibles in churches, dissolved the English monasteries bc money, prepared the first Book of Common Prayer, simplified liturgy, and invited Protestant theologians to England

Book of Common Prayer

included the order for all services and prayers of the Church of England

liturgy

a form or formulary according to which public religious worship, especially Christian worship, is conducted

Pilgrimage of Grace

a massive rebellion that proved the largest in English history caused by popular opposition in the north to the English Reformation

the Pale

the area around Dublin (Ireland) controlled firmly by the English

the Church of Ireland

the result of a Pale- and English landlord-parliament deciding that yes, Ireland should also sever from the church of Rome (most Irish remained Roman Catholic, adding more fuel to the fire of English-Irish antagonism)

Edward VI

made England more Protestant

Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary)

made England extra Catholic, married Philip II of Spain in a highly unpopular move, executed several hundred Protestants

politique

moderates of both faits who believed that only the restoration of strong monarchy could reverse the trend towards collapse

Elizabethean Settlement

Elizabeth I became supreme governor of the church and required her subjects to attend services in the Church of England but did not interfere with people's privately held beliefs

Thirty-Nine Articles

official statement of the beliefs of the Church of England issued by Elizabeth I

England's Golden Age

the name for Elizabeth I's reign

Phillip II's threat to England

wanted to reunite England with Catholic Europe through his marriage with Mary Tudor

Mary, Queen of Scots' imprisonment/execution

implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth, one which had Philip II's full backing

battle in the English Channel

King Philip retaliates for Mary's death by sending the Spanish Armada to England, where they were defeated by the English bc weather

Calvin's views on secular rulers

church and state should act together, but encouraged opposition to political authorities judged to be ungodly

predestination

God in his infinite wisdom decided at the beginning of time who would be saved and who damned (no free will)

work, labor, and Calvinism

hard work, thrift, and proper moral conduct could serve as signs that one was among the "elect" chosen for salvation

Geneva

transformed by Calvin into Calvinist city, the model of a Christian community for many Protestant reformers

Consistory

Geneva's group of laymen and pastors charged with investigating and disciplining deviations

John Knox

structured the Scottish Church after Geneva

Presbyterian Church

Calvinist church in Scotland

Puritans

English Calvinists

Calvinists and the calling

people are predestined, but hard work is a sign of being chosen for salvation

Pope Paul III

made it so the papal court became the center of the reform movement rather than its chief opponent

Council of Trent

called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and reconcile w/ the Protestants, caused a spiritual renewal in the Catholic Church

French opposition to reconcilliation

Catholics and Lutherans needed to be divided for Germany to be decentralized and weak

changes from the Council of Trent

forced the clergy to be more properly religious, emphasized education even for the laity, and made it so valid marriages had to have a priest and witnesses

reaffirmations from the Council of Trent

the seven sacraments and the traditional Catholic teaching on transubstantiation

seminary

a college that trains students to be priests, rabbis, or ministers

Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

founded by Ignatius of Loyola, strengthened Catholicism in Europe and spread the faith around the world, vowed special obedience to the pope

Ursaline Nuns

founded by Angela Merici, the first women's religious order concentrating exclusively on teaching young girls with the goal of re-Christianizing society by training future wives and mothers

Teresa of Avila

had 'mythical experiences' and reformed her Carmelite order to bring it back to stricter standards of asceticism and poverty, traveling throughout Spain and founding many new convents

asceticism

severe self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons

Alva 'pacification'

following the wave of iconoclasm in Antwerp, the Duke of Alva was sent with 20,000 Spanish troops, but interpreted his orders as reason to exterminate religious and political dissidents

Council of Blood

the Duke of Alva's tribunal, executed 1500 men, seen as reason to overthrow Spanish rule by the Calvinists

Dutch revolt against the Spanish

the Protestant Union of Utrecht declared their independence from Spain after their 10 southern brethren were taken over by Spanish Habsburg forces and remained Catholic

Union of Utrecht (United Provinces)

seven northern provinces, led by Holland, who declared and eventually received independence from Spain

iconoclasm

a belief that the practice of worshiping and honoring objects such as icons was sinful (Calvin and Zwingli)

Huguenots

French Calvinists

French Religious Wars (War of the Three Henries)

civil war between Huguenots (Bourbon) and Catholics (Guise)

alliances during the French Religious Wars

Henry of Guise with Phillip II of Spain, Henry III (Valois) with Bourbons

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Henry of Navarre's (about to be married to Marie de Medici) wedding guests (10,000 Huguenots) were slaughtered by Catholics

Henry of Navarre's wife

Marie de Medici

deaths of Henry of Guise and Henry III (Valois)

send assassins after each other, both succeed

"Paris is worth the mass."

Henry of Navarre found it worth it to convert to Catholicism to control Paris

Edict of Nantes

granted liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship to Huguenots

cause of increased accusations of witch-ness

the heightened sense of God's power and divine wrath, a change in the idea of what a witch was (someone who made a deal with the devil), and a legal procedure change

why 75-85% of the executed 'witches' were women

they were believed to have a 'powerful sexual desire' that 'could be satisfied only by a demonic lover' and to be weaker and more likely to give in to the devil

accusatorial to inquisitorial procedure

a suspect no longer knew who the accusers were and the charges they had brought and could no longer be held liable if the charges were not proven

ending of the witch-hunts

the Scientific Revolution and doubts on the effectiveness of torture and whether secret denunciations were valid

the fate of most people who were brought before the Inquisition and accused of witchcraft

they actually survived sometimes (40-60,000 out of 100-200,000 executed)