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functions and components of the skeletal system
provide…
protect…
store
framework and levers upon which muscles act
organs
calcium, phosphorus, and adipose
in charge of blood cell production
hematopoiessis
components of skeletal system
bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons
outer layer of cartilage
perichondrium (gives rise to basic cell)
basic cells of cartilige
chondrocyte
fibers of cartilage
collagen or elastic
matrix
proteoglycans and hylauronic acid
(absorbs lots of water, flexible, semi-solid)
avascular
not a good blood supply
hyaline catilige (3)
most abundant
found on ends of bones
origins of all long bones
fibrocartilage
intevertebral disks, pubic symphysis
elastic cartilage
external ear, epiglottis of larynx
osteoblasts
build up new bone
oesteoclasts
chop up bone
osteoclytes
maintain existing bone and sit in lacunae
bone
fibers are…
matrices are…
has …
collagen
inorganic materials (calcium+phosphates = hydroxyapatite), solid, hard for supporting skeleton and protecting organs
blood supply
compact bone
less porous, absorbs pressure and tension
cancellous/spongy
more porous, absorbs more strain
tendon
connect muscle and bone
ligament
connect bone to bone, fibers are less compact, more flattend than tendons
fibroblasts
make collagen fibers
4 kinds of forces
__________- squeezing (weight bearing and gravity)
__________-pulling (of bones by tendons of muscles or maintaining alignment by ligaments)
__________-twisting (rotation on fixed point)
__________-tearing across longitudinal axis (during sudden stopping)
compression
tension
torsion
shearing
pectoral girdle
scapula and clavicle
upper limb
humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
long bones
long and slender (femur and humerus)
flat bones
thin (ribs, sternum, skull, scapulae)
short bones
box-like (carpals and tarsals)
irregular
complex, short, flat, notched, or ridgid surfaces (vertebrae, facial)
projections
convex in nature
ligament and tendon attachment, articulation site between bones
process, condyle, protuberanc, tuberosity, trochanter, line, crest, epicondyle
openings
foramen, canal, meatus, fissure
depression
concave
soft tissue attatchment, articulation site between bones or point of interaction betwen organs
fossa, facet
body
main part
head
enlarged end
neck
constriction between head and body
condyle
smooth, rounded articular surface
facet
small flattened articular surface
process
prominent projection
tubercle
small rounded bump
tuberosity
knob
trochanter
large tuberosities on proximal femur
epicondyle
near or above condyle
line/linea
low ridge
crest/crista
prominent ridge
spine
high ridge
foramen
hole
canal or meatus
tunnel
fissure
cleft
sinus/labyrinth
cavity
fossa
general term for a depression
notch
depression in bone margin
fovea
little pit
groove/sulcus
deeper, narrow depression
fibrous joint
range of movement…
upper extremity example…
immovable
syndesmosis between radius and ulna
cartilaginous
range of movement…
upper extremity example…
slightly movable
none
synovial
range of movement…
upper extremity example…
freely movable
lots
synovial joint strucutre
found at ends of…
surrounded by _____ and filled with ________
accessory ligaments….
long bones
joint capsule, synovial fluid
stabilize joint
bursa
extension of synovial membrane that forms small pockets of fluid to reduce friction (inflammation is called bursitus)
protraction
gliding motion anteriorly (scapula)
retraction
moves structure to anatomical position (scapula)
elevation
moves structure superiorly (scapula)
depression
moves structure inferiorly (scapula)
flexion
decreasing the angle (shoulder, humerus, elbow, wrist, digits)
extension
increasing the angle (shoulder, humerus, elbow, wrist, digits)
circumduction
circles- combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
medial rotation
rotating in- along long axis (shoulder, humerus)
lateral rotation
rotating out- along long axis (shoulder, humerus)
pronation
palms facing posteriously (pour it out)
supination
palms facing anteriorly (carrying cup of soup)
skeletal muscle
voluntary
cells are long fibers called …
groups of cells…
functions are (5)
myocytes
fasciles
produce skeletal movement, maintain posture, support soft tissue, guard entrance/exit as sphincters, maintain body temp
Insertion
more movable/distal bony attachment
origin
less movable/proximal bony attatchment
muscles PULL, never push
Insertion is pulled _____ the origin
toward
innervation (inn.)
nerve that stimulates m.
muscle naming
______ex. bicep tricep
______ex. rectus abdominus
______ex. supinator m.
______ex. vastus
______ex. longus/brevis
______ex. deltoid, teres
______ex. oblique, transversus
______ex. sartorius
number of heads
location
action
size
length of body
shape
directioal
historical reference
CNS
brain and spinal chord
PNS
peripheral nerves and sensory receptors
axons
bundles of nerves and fibers that deliver sensory signals from skin and joints to brain and send motor signals from the brain to the muscles of the body
sensory neuron
deliver signal from receptor to CNS
interneuron
deliver signal within CNS
motor neuron
deliver signals from CNS to peripheral target
spinal chord
occupies upper 2/3 of vertebrae canal
continuous with brain
connects to the coccyx
outer layer of spinal chord
white matter, axon bundles
inner layer of spinal chord
grey matter, neuron cell bodies ad dendrites
acro
extremity, tip
ante
before, forward
bi
twice, double
brachi
related to arm
brevis
short, small, brief
circum
around, surrounding
delta
change
infra
below, between
inter
between
ram
stop
supra
above, over
tri
three
shoulder blade region
scapular region
palm region
palmar region (volar)
finger region
digital region (phalangeal region)
ball and socket
# of planes
example
triaxal (all 3 planes; can flex/extend, abduct/adduct, medially/laterally rotate or circumduct)
shoulder joint
ellipsodial or condyloid
# of planes
examples
biaxial- 2 planes- (flex/extend, abduct/adduct, circumduct)
radiocarpal, metacarpophalangeal, sternoclavical
only bone conection from upper extremity to axial skeleton
sternoclavicular