Unit 1- Upper Extremity

functions and components of the skeletal system

• provide…

• protect…

• store

• framework and levers upon which muscles act

• organs

• calcium, phosphorus, and adipose

in charge of blood cell production

hematopoiessis

components of skeletal system

bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons

outer layer of cartilage

perichondrium (gives rise to basic cell)

basic cells of cartilige

chondrocyte

fibers of cartilage

collagen or elastic

matrix

proteoglycans and hylauronic acid

(absorbs lots of water, flexible, semi-solid)

avascular

not a good blood supply

hyaline catilige (3)

• most abundant

• found on ends of bones

• origins of all long bones

fibrocartilage

intevertebral disks, pubic symphysis

elastic cartilage

external ear, epiglottis of larynx

osteoblasts

build up new bone

oesteoclasts

chop up bone

osteoclytes

maintain existing bone and sit in lacunae

bone

• fibers are…

• matrices are…

• has …

• collagen

• inorganic materials (calcium+phosphates = hydroxyapatite), solid, hard for supporting skeleton and protecting organs

• blood supply

compact bone

less porous, absorbs pressure and tension

cancellous/spongy

more porous, absorbs more strain

tendon

connect muscle and bone

ligament

connect bone to bone, fibers are less compact, more flattend than tendons

fibroblasts

make collagen fibers

4 kinds of forces

• __________- squeezing (weight bearing and gravity)

• __________-pulling (of bones by tendons of muscles or maintaining alignment by ligaments)

• __________-twisting (rotation on fixed point)

• __________-tearing across longitudinal axis (during sudden stopping)

• compression

• tension

• torsion

• shearing

pectoral girdle

scapula and clavicle

upper limb

humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

long bones

long and slender (femur and humerus)

flat bones

thin (ribs, sternum, skull, scapulae)

short bones

box-like (carpals and tarsals)

irregular

complex, short, flat, notched, or ridgid surfaces (vertebrae, facial)

projections

• convex in nature

• ligament and tendon attachment, articulation site between bones

• process, condyle, protuberanc, tuberosity, trochanter, line, crest, epicondyle

openings

foramen, canal, meatus, fissure

depression

• concave

• soft tissue attatchment, articulation site between bones or point of interaction betwen organs

• fossa, facet

body

main part

head

enlarged end

neck

constriction between head and body

condyle

smooth, rounded articular surface

facet

small flattened articular surface

process

prominent projection

tubercle

small rounded bump

tuberosity

knob

trochanter

large tuberosities on proximal femur

epicondyle

near or above condyle

line/linea

low ridge

crest/crista

prominent ridge

spine

high ridge

foramen

hole

canal or meatus

tunnel

fissure

cleft

sinus/labyrinth

cavity

fossa

general term for a depression

notch

depression in bone margin

fovea

little pit

groove/sulcus

deeper, narrow depression

fibrous joint

• range of movement…

• upper extremity example…

• immovable

• syndesmosis between radius and ulna

cartilaginous

• range of movement…

• upper extremity example…

• slightly movable

• none

synovial

• range of movement…

• upper extremity example…

• freely movable

• lots

synovial joint strucutre

• found at ends of…

• surrounded by _____ and filled with ________

• accessory ligaments….

• long bones

• joint capsule, synovial fluid

• stabilize joint

bursa

extension of synovial membrane that forms small pockets of fluid to reduce friction (inflammation is called bursitus)

protraction

gliding motion anteriorly (scapula)

retraction

moves structure to anatomical position (scapula)

elevation

moves structure superiorly (scapula)

depression

moves structure inferiorly (scapula)

flexion

decreasing the angle (shoulder, humerus, elbow, wrist, digits)

extension

increasing the angle (shoulder, humerus, elbow, wrist, digits)

circumduction

circles- combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

medial rotation

rotating in- along long axis (shoulder, humerus)

lateral rotation

rotating out- along long axis (shoulder, humerus)

pronation

palms facing posteriously (pour it out)

supination

palms facing anteriorly (carrying cup of soup)

skeletal muscle

• voluntary

• cells are long fibers called …

• groups of cells…

• functions are (5)

• myocytes

• fasciles

• produce skeletal movement, maintain posture, support soft tissue, guard entrance/exit as sphincters, maintain body temp

Insertion

more movable/distal bony attachment

origin

less movable/proximal bony attatchment

muscles PULL, never push

Insertion is pulled _____ the origin

toward

innervation (inn.)

nerve that stimulates m.

muscle naming

• ______ex. bicep tricep

• ______ex. rectus abdominus

• ______ex. supinator m.

• ______ex. vastus

• ______ex. longus/brevis

• ______ex. deltoid, teres

• ______ex. oblique, transversus

• ______ex. sartorius

• number of heads

• location

• action

• size

• length of body

• shape

• directioal

• historical reference

CNS

brain and spinal chord

PNS

peripheral nerves and sensory receptors

axons

bundles of nerves and fibers that deliver sensory signals from skin and joints to brain and send motor signals from the brain to the muscles of the body

sensory neuron

deliver signal from receptor to CNS

interneuron

deliver signal within CNS

motor neuron

deliver signals from CNS to peripheral target

spinal chord

• occupies upper 2/3 of vertebrae canal

• continuous with brain

• connects to the coccyx

outer layer of spinal chord

white matter, axon bundles

inner layer of spinal chord

grey matter, neuron cell bodies ad dendrites

acro

extremity, tip

ante

before, forward

bi

twice, double

brachi

related to arm

brevis

short, small, brief

circum

around, surrounding

delta

change

infra

below, between

inter

between

ram

stop

supra

above, over

tri

three

shoulder blade region

scapular region

palm region

palmar region (volar)

finger region

digital region (phalangeal region)

ball and socket

• # of planes

• example

• triaxal (all 3 planes; can flex/extend, abduct/adduct, medially/laterally rotate or circumduct)

• shoulder joint

ellipsodial or condyloid

• # of planes

• examples

• biaxial- 2 planes- (flex/extend, abduct/adduct, circumduct)

• radiocarpal, metacarpophalangeal, sternoclavical

only bone conection from upper extremity to axial skeleton

sternoclavicular