EDP Exam 2

model of motivation

need --> drive --> goal

motivation definition

the drive to do an action or reason for behavior

need, drive, goal example

I have an itch, I scratch the itch, I am satisfied

drive can be defined as

the action to address the need

are goals always achieved?

No

is motivation classical or operant conditioning in terms of behaviorism?

operant conditioning because of the voluntary behaviors performed

What about operant conditioning explains motivation

reinforcements and consequences explain why we perform voluntary actions

learned helplessness definition

conditioned to expect failure after experiencing several instances of failure so we give up

what conditions can cause learned helplessness

lack of escape or avoidance opportunities

how is learned helplessness different from self handicapping?

self handicapping does not have a history of failure like learned helplessness does

how can someone overcome learned helplessness?

changing situations, providing a task that students can be successful in, breaking up a task into smaller, more manageable chunks

intrinsic motivation

behavior done for oneself

I clean my kitchen because it is driving me crazy, is this done because of extrinsic or intrinsic motivators

intrinsic

extrinsic motivation

behavior done for the benefit of others

I pet Sidney because he keeps bothering me, is this done because of extrinsic or intrinsic motivators

extrinsic

physiological needs: definitions and examples

If I do not eat, sleep, drink water I will die

safety needs: definitions and examples

things done to maintain basic security such as locking the doors at night, showering, studying

belongingness and love: definitions and examples

things done to preserve meaningful relationships and be apart of a group like getting coffee with a friend, calling parents, listening to your partner

esteem needs: definitions and examples

things done for aesthetic reasons such as listening to music, watching a show

self actualization needs: definition and examples

recognizing or achieving potential in rare moments like holding your first born child, getting married

How can Maslow's hierarchy be seen used in schools?

free/reduced lunch,, fire drills, mental health resources on campus

arousal motivation types

primary, secondary, stimulation/arousal

primary motives

those that address basic needs (bottom two levels of hierarchy)

secondary motives

those that are learned (money, trends)

stimulation/arousal

need for experiences that go beyond basic needs (extreme sports)

According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, best performance/motivation occurs when?

moderate level of arousal

T/F: it is up to you when you get motivated

true, activation of self is individual

motivation is the product of the amount of ______ and _______ one has

value, expectation

value

the importance of a task

expectation

what do you think the chances of success are with the task at hand

value*expectation =

motivation

how is motivation calculated

assign a number 0-1 for value, assign a number 0-1 for expectation, multiply numbers for motivation total. if either number is 0 then motivation is 0

what lowers the value of a task

not wanting to do it or if the task does not have long term benefits

what lowers the expectation of a task

doubt, learned helplessness, comparisons to others

when skill level is high, and challenge of a task is high then we can achieve...

optimal experiences and flow

why can't we always exist in a flow state

distractions in setting, high skill levels take time to develop

how can we promote flow

practice, limiting distractions by meeting basic needs, creating routines

learners with strong self-regulation have

time management skills, goals, metacognitive strategies

according to self regulation, a task should be _______ challenging

appropriately. a learner should be challenged but not overwhelmed

following self regulation tips should....

increase motivation

transfer of learning definition

ability to take skill or knowledge and apply them in new ways

using information I learned in class on a test is an example of

transfer of learning

near transfer

applying learned skills to a situation that is almost identical to that in which it was learned

I grew up watching my mom make chocolate chip cookies and then attempted to make them myself later. this is an example of

near transfer of learning

far transfer

applying learning to situations that are dissimilar to the original learning

I grew up helping my mom bake cookies so I have developed some baking skills and attempt to make a cake with those skills. this is an example of

far transfer

low road transfer

aka reflexive transfer, involves the triggering of well-practiced routines by stimulus conditions similar to those in the learning context

high road transfer

occurs when the learner consciously and mindfully evaluates the new situation and applies previous learning to it

forward reaching transfer

will information be important later? how can a test question be asked about this?

backward reaching transfer

how can I use examples for what I have already learned and use it to apply to something else

factors that affect transfer

similarity between the two learning situations, depth of learners' original understanding, learning context, quality and variety of examples and other experience, emphasis on metacognition

similarity between the two learning situations example

students who understand that "quickly" is an adverb are likely to conclude that "openly" is an adverb

depth of learners' original understanding example

Students who discuss and practice with examples and applications are more likely to transfer than those who don't

learning context example

Grammar rules in the context of a written paragraph are more effective than the rules in isolated sentences.

Quality and variety of examples and other experience

A real lobster, spider, beetle, and butterfly better promote transfer of the concept arthropod than pictures of the animals or only seeing the lobster.

Emphasis on metacognition

Students who are aware of the way they think and learn are more likely to transfer than those who are less aware.

problem solving definiton

the process of finding a suitable outcome to an issue

four ways to address problem solving are to…

find and frame a problem, develop good strategies, evaluate solutions, rethink and redefine problems and solutions over time

what are good strategies for problem solving?

subgoaling, algorithms, means-ends analysis, analogical thought

I want to achieve a large goal but in order to do that I need to create smaller goal posts that help me achieve that larger goal in smaller pieces over time. this is

subgoaling

I set up the solution to a problem like a recipe or math problem and solve for variables to find a solution

algorithms

start at the end point/goal and work to where you are now

means-ends analysis (working backward)

I use strategies that are similar to ones I have used in the past to yield success

analogical thought

approaches to problem solving

successive scanning, focus gambling, conservative focus, simultaneous scanning

successive scanning definition

trial and error

going to one restaurant for lunch but seeing that it is crowded and you don’t have enough time on your break so you go to the next restaurant on the list, not accounting for the fact that it is lunch and everywhere is busy

successive scanning

focus gambling

placing most of limited resources on one option in hopes that it works

I go to one restaurant that I do not believe will be too busy during lunch but it is further than my normal options and it will take up much more of my lunch break to get there. If it is busy, I will not have time to eat lunch

focus gambling

conservative focus

start with most likely solution, if that doesn’t work, we move to the next most likely etc until problem is solved or we run out of resources

simultaneous scanning

lots of resources and try multiple solutions at the same time

friends working together on math hw, we each try a different formula to see which works best to solve the problem

simultaneous scanning

obstacles for problem solving

fixation, lack of motivation, lack of persistence, inadequate emotional control

fixation

focus so heavily on one aspect of problem that it stands in the way of solving the whole problem

I am writing an essay and and cannot move past or find a better alternative for one sentence that doesn’t work for so long that it prevents me from finishing the paper

fixation

I don’t want to start a task stems from a

lack of motivation

I cannot find it in myself to finish I task I have started. This stems from a

lack of persistence

whenever a positive or negative emotion becomes too overpowering that it blocks progression of solving the problem

inadequate emotional control

problem based learning definition

approach in education in which students solve real life problems

benefits of problem based learning

gives students skills that directly transfer, students are often more motivated in projects and its helps with communication

what is constructivism?

a type of cognitive learning that was founded on the belief that individuals can create their own understandings given the same stimuli and environment

assumptions of constructivism

expertise is possible and learning comes from the learner

critical thinking definition

being evaluative about a task or process

why is critical thinking important

healthy skepticism and questioning about the validity and usefulness of learning helps challenge the status quo

how can critical thinking be encouraged

employing metacognitive strategies and questioning, debating, evaluating, and reflecting

creative thinking definition

thinking outside the box

why is creative thinking important

without creativity, nothing would be new

convergent thinking

using people of different backgrounds and different thoughts to work together on the same thing for the same goal

divergent thinking

giving people the same starting point/problem and asking for different solutions

On the show Chopped, all contestants get the same ingredients and everyone comes up with different dishes. This is an example of

divergent thinking

does divergent or convergent thinking lend itself to more creative thinking

divergent thinking because multiple methods are being employed from different perspectives

how do we encourage creative thinking

• generation - asking people to create their own solutions/scenarios

• choice - having more choice allows mapping to intrinsic task motivation

• diversity - encouraging divergent task outcomes

sources of creativity

domain relevant skills, creativity relevant processes, intrinsic task motivations

domain relevant skills

having mastered the basics of the field allows you to expand upon basic knowledge in new ways

creativity relevant processes

allowing self to test and try different ideas regularly

intrinsic task motivation

you like it, you want to do it

Bandura’s social efficacy theory can be defined as

perspective about your ability to do a task

is self efficacy consistent across all tasks?

No, I can cook eggs easily but I cannot change a tire

how is self-efficacy determined

previous experience, validation/feedback, comparisons to others, expectations

how are self-efficacy and expectation related

both involve how capable we think we are to perform a task

something increases value when

intrinsic rewards increase and the importance is identified