PPD & PDD Phase 1

Where is the refrigerant the hottest in the refrigeration cycle?

Just after the compressor

Where is the refrigerant the coldest in the refrigeration cycle?

Just after the evaporator or expansion valve

What state is the refrigerant in before entering the evaporator?

Liquid

What happens to the efficiency of cooling a building when the outdoor temperature is lower?

It becomes more efficient

Why is it easier to cool a building when the outdoor temperature is lower?

You are heating the outside, which is easier at lower temperatures

At what outdoor temperature is the refrigerant more efficient at expelling heat if it is 120° in the exterior line?

80°

What is a double skin facade?

A double skin facade is a sustainable strategy that provides a buffer between the interior and exterior of a building.

What is the primary purpose of a double skin facade?

The primary purpose of a double skin facade is to reduce heating and cooling loads.

How can a double skin facade incorporate daylighting strategies?

A double skin facade can incorporate daylighting strategies by allowing natural light to enter while moderating temperature.

What is the stack effect in relation to a double skin facade?

The stack effect in a double skin facade draws in cooler air from below and vents out warmer air at the top.

Where is ionization smoke detection best used?

Indoors, with low air movement, where smoke is not expected. Do NOT use in kitchens!

What type of fire does photoelectric detection best detect?

Slow smoldering fires.

When are heat detectors most effective?

When the fire is already burning and hot.

What is Class A fire?

Anything that leaves ash, such as wood, blankets, paper, furniture, etc.

What is Class B fire?

Fuels like gasoline and oil.

What is Class C fire?

Electrical fire, which could occur in switchgears, panel boxes, or raceways.

What do moment frames allow in terms of openings?

Moment frames allow the most openings because the lateral loads are accounted for in the connections between beams and columns.

What do shear walls allow in terms of openings?

Shear walls allow the fewest openings because their strength comes from the continuity and material of the wall.

Which type of frame is the most expensive?

Rigid frames are the most expensive.

Which type of frame is the most efficient in terms of strength per cost?

Braced frames are the most efficient, providing the most strength per cost/amount of material.

What is an example of a project type that could use shear walls?

A theater is an example of a project type that could use shear walls.

What type of frames can be used if all glazing is needed?

Either braced frames or moment frames can be used, depending on the design and the program.

What type of frame is needed if doors and operable windows are required?

A moment frame is needed if doors and operable windows are required, as braced frames do not allow for doors opening through their bracing.

What does the term 'one-way slab' refer to?

It refers to a slab where loads are distributed in one direction only.

What does the term 'two-way slab' refer to?

It refers to a slab where loads can be distributed in two directions.

How can two-way slabs be supported?

They can be supported by posts at four corners.

How must one-way slabs be supported?

They need to be supported fully along each side that has load being distributed.

Which type of slab is easier to construct and can span further?

Two-way slabs.

What is the typical span limit for two-way slabs?

Up to about 40 feet.

In what types of projects are two-way slabs commonly used?

Residential and hotel projects.

What types of projects do Centralized All-Air Variable Air Volume Systems NOT typically serve?

Apartments

What is one advantage of a Variable Air Volume (VAV) System?

Simple…low first cost

What is another advantage of a Variable Air Volume (VAV) System?

Maximum control of air quality and velocity

What can a Variable Air Volume (VAV) System handle effectively?

Large changes in heating/cooling load

What is a noise-related advantage of a Variable Air Volume (VAV) System?

Minimal noise

What is an advantage of a Variable Air Volume (VAV) System regarding rental spaces?

Maximum flexibility for rental spaces over time

What is the function of a transformer?

A transformer steps power, either up or down, for transportation through power lines or use by buildings.

What is the formula for calculating Watts?

Watts (W) = Volts (V) * Amps (I)

What happens to Watts when a transformer steps down voltage?

Watts stay the same; only Volts and Amps are changed.

Where are transformers typically placed to manage heat production?

Transformers are placed outside the building or in a space with direct exterior access or venting.

What analogy is used to describe the function of transformers?

Transformers are likened to going from a hose to a water gun.

What is the formula for deflection of a simple beam with a uniform load?

Wl^2/8

What is the formula for deflection of a simple beam with a point load at mid span?

PL/4

What is the formula relating force, moment, and section modulus?

F = M/S

What is the formula for deflection of a floor system represented as a triangle?

5WL^4 / 384EI

What is one way to reduce the bending force on a beam?

Reduce the span (decrease length)

What is another way to reduce the bending force on a beam?

Use a heavier beam of the same height

What is a third way to reduce the bending force on a beam?

Use a taller beam with the same weight

What is a fourth way to reduce the bending force on a beam?

Space the beams closer than 10 ft o.c.

What is a fifth way to reduce the bending force on a beam?

Reduce weight of floor system

What does SAC stand for in acoustics?

Sound Absorption Coefficient

What does 'a' represent in the formula a = SAC x S?

Absorption of Material (sabins)

What does S represent in the formula a = SAC x S?

Surface Area of Material (ft²)

What does NRC represent in acoustics?

The average value of SAC at some of the most common frequencies

What is the difference between NRC/SAC and STC ratings?

NRC/SAC is for sound within a room, while STC ratings are for sound moving between rooms.

Shear Connection

joins only the web of the beam, but not the flanges, to the column

Moment Connection

Connection between both the beam and column, where the web and flange are connected to the column.

What is solar AZIMUTH?

The horizontal direction of the sun along the horizon.

What direction corresponds to 0° in solar AZIMUTH?

North

What direction corresponds to 90° in solar AZIMUTH?

East

What direction corresponds to 180° in solar AZIMUTH?

South

What direction corresponds to 270° in solar AZIMUTH?

West

What is solar ALTITUDE?

The height of the sun above the horizon.

What is the formula for calculating the solar altitude at the equinox?

90 - LATITUDE

What is the formula for calculating the solar altitude at the summer solstice?

90 - LATITUDE + 23.5

What is the formula for calculating the solar altitude at the winter solstice?

90 - LATITUDE - 23.5

What types of projects may benefit from an all-water system with fan coil units according to ASC?

Apartments, factories, hospitals, hotels, motels, dorms, nursing homes, and schools.

What is an advantage of using an all-water system with fan coil units?

No fan rooms required.

What is another advantage of using an all-water system with fan coil units?

No ductwork required.

What is a cost-related advantage of an all-water system with fan coil units?

Low install costs.

What is a benefit of an all-water system with fan coil units regarding temperature control?

Individual space control of temperature.

What is a disadvantage of an all-water system with fan coil units?

Maintenance takes place in occupied space.

What is a noise-related disadvantage of an all-water system with fan coil units?

Noise.

What is a humidity-related disadvantage of an all-water system with fan coil units?

No humidity control.