BIO test 2 homework flashcards

In a bacterium that possesses antibiotic resistance and the potential to persist through very adverse conditions, such as freezing, drying, or high temperatures, DNA should be located within, or be part of, which structures?

plasmids and endospore

Which group of primates does the following list of traits best describe?

• Wide nostrils which are circular and spaced apart.

• Small to medium sized

• Long tails which are sometimes prehensile.

• No buttock pads.

• No cheek pouches.

New World Monkeys

Every single creature whose embryo contains a notochord, a nerve cord, and gill slits belongs to a category called:

chordates

One model organism featured in this reading is called a skate.  Which description best fits this creature?

close cousin to the shark

Animals with bilateral symmetry tend to have a posterior "tail end" and an anterior "head" end with a mouth, a high concentration of sensory organs, and a neural processing center.  The evolutionary trend toward having a head is called

cephalization

Which of the following is a difference between fungi and animals?

Only fungi have external digestion.

Lactase persistent human populations are likely to have raised cattle for thousands of years.

True

Mad cow disease (BSE) is not transmitted by a virus.  Its protein-based infectious particles are called

Prions

How do members of the bony fish clade regulate buoyancy?

with an air-filled swim bladder

“The first experimental embryologists interested in limbs … needed an organism in which the limbs were accessible … the embryo had to be relatively large … grow in a protected place, in a container that sheltered it from jostling … the embryos [also had to be abundant and available year-round.”  Which model organism was best suited to experiments involving developmental control regions like ZPA?

chicken (egg)

Within nonvascular plants, the prominent generation is the _______; in vascular plants, it is the _______.

gametophyte; sporophyte

Teeth are NOT the evolutionary precursors to which later body parts?

tongue

Which characteristic is common to all the modern representatives of all major reptilian lineages (turtles, lepidosaurs, crocodilians, and birds)?

presence of a notochord in development

Which pathogen is not a bacterial infection?

HIV

Hox genes are associated with body segmentation, and segmentation is important in animal evolution because it

has allowed organisms to alter their body forms in complex ways.

For which of the following can we compare genome sequences (select all that apply).

• Modern humans

• Denisovans

• Neandertals

Which combination does NOT describe a real animal?

diploblastic coelomate

DNA evidence supports the hypothesis that the first organisms on earth were more closely related to bacteria than to archaea.

True

The height of a liverwort, hornwort, or moss is restricted to a few inches tall (or less) because

they have no vessels (i.e., vascular tissue).

Neil Shubin and his colleague went ‘shopping’ in China for a very special salamander fossil with what feature?

intact eyeball

Match the traits with the group that it most specifically describes.

• Old World Monkeys

Generally large without prehensile tails, prominent buttocks pads

Match the traits with the group that it most specifically describes.

• Primates

binocular vision and grasping fingers and toes

Match the traits with the group that it most specifically describes.

• New World Monkeys

Small to medium size, some with prehensile tails, lack pads on buttocks

Match the traits with the group that it most specifically describes.

• Prosimians

Lemurs, Tarsiers, primarily nocturnal

Christmas trees may come in many shapes and sizes, but traditionally they tend to be

gymnosperms

According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?

from engulfed, originally free-living prokaryotes

Cyanobacteria are

photoautotrophs.

A stromatolite is best described as a

fossilized microbial mat

When modern humans arrived in Europe at least 40,000 years ago, they found this region already occupied by people called:

Homo neanderthalensis

The Cambrian explosion and the rise of mammals both refer to

adaptive radiation events

Influenza (the flu) is a collection of different viruses.  Which of these organisms are influenza viruses NOT known to infect?

fish

a multicellular mat of bacteria qualifies as a multicellular ‘body’

False

Many plants have co-evolved with mycorrhizal partner fungi, but only this clade has flowers with diverse shapes resulting from co-evolution with animal pollinators.

• angiosperms

On a global scale, most adult humans are lactose intolerant.

True

Placozoans, ctenophores, and cnidarians are all considered _______, since they have inner and outer embryonic cell layers.

diploblastic

Match each animal to the most appropriate adaptation.

• a radula for scraping food, a true coelom, and a spiral shell

gastropod mollusks

Match each animal to the most appropriate adaptation.

• nematocysts for predation (and defense)

jellies, anemonies, and corals

Match each animal to the most appropriate adaptation.

• tentacles, a beak, a true coelom, and excellent eyesight

cephalopod mollusks

Match each animal to the most appropriate adaptation.

• two water siphons, a true coelom, and a two part shell with a hinge

bivalve mollusks

Match each animal to the most appropriate adaptation.

• choanocytes for moving water with food particles

sponges

Which is the most accurate description of phage therapy?

the use of "live" viruses as antibiotics to kill bacteria

In a modern mammal, the bones of the ear are firmly anchored in the jaw.

False

Ecological roles of fungi include

• mutualistic associations with other organisms (especially plants)

• plant pathogens and/or parasites

• animal pathogens and/or parasites

• decomposers

all of these

Which is the most accurate description of using vaccines to preventatively treat viral infections?

Vaccines stimulate the immune system to create antibodies that can destroy viruses.

Which is the most historically accurate description of mammalian evolution?

The absence of large and diverse dinosaurs after the Cretaceous extinction set the stage for an adaptive radiation of mammals, which now occupy many niches previously occupied by dinosaurs.

Which characteristic is NOT unique to mammals?

complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

On the underside of the leaf on a fern, you would find _____ containing _____.

sori / spores

The genome sequence of "Denny" showed that she was a first generation "hybrid" between which of the following?

Neandertal and Denisovan

Which of the following is found in all major groups of vertebrates?

a skull

The overall shape of an animal can be described by its

body plan.

(OpenStax Biology 2e Figure 28.29 & 29.30)

The earthworm is a segmented worm with a closed circulatory system, and its closest cousins are leeches and marine polychaete worms.  These animals have

a true body cavity formed within the mesoderm germ layer.

Many multicellular fungi form super-organisms through _____ followed by _____.

plasmogamy / karyogamy

Which scenario is NOT supported by scientific evidence?

direct descent of modern humans from Homo florensiensis

Viruses are not always considered to be life forms because they

are not organized in cells, but need to use a host organism cell to survive and reproduce.

Without fungi, human civilization would not have

all of these

A basal animal called a sponge qualifies as a multicellular ‘body.’

true

On which continent would you have seen the very earliest members of Homo sapiens?

Africa

A geologic layer of rare iridium and the presence of an impact crater correspond with

the asteroid that caused the K-Pg (K-T or end-Cretaceous) extinction event

Eukaryotic organisms that are single celled and are often distantly related are best described collectively and informally as.....

protists

A constricting ring formed by Arthrobotrys traps a nematode. Fungal hyphae invade and digest the nematode. This is an example of a _______ interaction.

predatory

Dinoflagellates are common endosymbionts of

corals

_____ is a process in which certain organelles are the descendants of prokaryotes that were engulfed, but not digested, by ancient eukaryotic cells.

Endosymbiosis

Certain populations of Homo sapiens evolved lighter skin (less melanin)

to avoid Vitamin D deficiency by increasing exposure to UV radiation

Animals with radial symmetry evolved before there were animals with three germ layers.

True

Which disease is NOT caused by a prokaryotic organism

COVID-19

Which of the following best describes how humans compare to other mammals with respect to smell?

Humans have a similar number of ‘smell’ genes as most mammals, but many of them are not functional.

In what part of a human embryo would you find embryonic gill arches

at what will later become the neck & jaw

The algal partner in a lichen symbioses is responsible primarily for

carbohydrate production

What is the primary ecological role of prokaryotes?

breaking down organic matter

What characterizes the tetrapod clade?

lives on land, has four limbs

A section of Chapter 11 in Your Inner Fish is called "Why History Makes us Sick."  For example, humans are susceptible to hernias because

male mammal testes have ended up in a vulnerable position where the sperm are not overheated.

What is true of the fossil record of mammalian origins?

It includes transitional forms with progressively specialized teeth.

This stonewort (OpenStax Biology 2e Figure 25.8) may be similar to the common ancestor of land plants.  It is considered a green plant, but NOT a land plant.  It is a member of the _____ clade.

charophyte

Powerful exoenzymes and maximum surface area provided by abundant long, thin, underground hyphae are excellent adaptations for

absorptive heterotrophy

[This animal] has _____ symmetry and _____ embryonic germ layers and _____ body cavity.

• A segmented worm (annelid)

bilateral / three / a true (coelom)

[This animal] has _____ symmetry and _____ embryonic germ layers and _____ body cavity.

• A flatworm (platyhelminth)

bilateral / three / no

[This animal] has _____ symmetry and _____ embryonic germ layers and _____ body cavity.

• A sponge

no / zero / no

[This animal] has _____ symmetry and _____ embryonic germ layers and _____ body cavity.

• A roundworm (nematode)

bilateral / three / a false (pseudocoelom)

[This animal] has _____ symmetry and _____ embryonic germ layers and _____ body cavity.

• A cnidarian

radial / two / no

Algae are monophyletic.

False

The earliest known mineralized (bony) structures in vertebrates are associated with

feeding

Humans belong to which subgroup of mammals?

eutherians

Which type of host cell is targeted by a phage virus?

bacteria

Diatoms are considered zooplankton.

False

Which characteristics are (both) unique to animals?

muscle tissue and a nervous system

Trilobites (OpenStax Biology 2e Figure 27.17) were abundant and diverse, with a mineralized exoskeleton.  They are reliable index fossils

from the Cambrian explosion (~541 mya) until the Great Dying, 252 million years ago.

Colonial eukaryotes called choanoflagellates resemble the collar cells in sea sponges.  Choanoflagellates and sponges are both

opisthokonts

Most viruses that infect people evolved from viruses that infect other animal species.

true

Which statement is true, and helps to explain why amphibians are especially vulnerable to environmental change?

They require moist environments for gas exchange and reproduction.

Biologists have used molecular evidence to trace all viruses to a single common ancestor.

False

     

(OpenStax Biology 2e Figure 28.4 and see also Figure 27.7)

Porifera (sponges) are considered the simplest animals because they have no _____, but ctenophores (comb jellies) are also considered basal because like the sponges, they have no _____.

true tissues from embryonic germ layers / Hox genes

Neil Shubin and his colleague went ‘shopping’ in China for a very special salamander fossil with what feature?

intact eyeball

I lived more than three million years ago in Africa. I walked fully upright and my footprints a quite similar to those of modern humans. My brain case is about 450 cc, similar to a modern chimpanzee.  My most famous fossil specimen is nicknamed "Lucy.”

Australopithecus afarensis

A sporophyte is

the multicellular diploid life stage of a plant.

Viruses are not always considered to be life forms because they

are not organized in cells, but need to use a host organism cell to survive and reproduce.

The largest mass extinction (referred to as the "Great Dying" in the Eons short film, "A Brief History of Geologic Time") corresponds with which event in this illustration (OpenStax Biology 2e Figure 27.17)?

end-Permian extinction

(OpenStax Biology 2e Figure 28.36)

Trilobites were highly segmented animals, with mineralized exoskeletons and jointed appendages.  They belong to the phylum

Arthropoda

Rocks older than 600 million years old are generally devoid of fossilized animals or plants.

True

Every dinosaur species (alive at that time) went extinct as a result of the Cretaceous mass extinction event.

False

In a reptile, the bones of the ear are firmly anchored in the jaw.

true