ap world - box notes 24-42

ghana

__**300 AD -1200 AD**__

* __Most prosperous from 800-900 AD located in West Africa between Niger and Senegal Rivers__

caravan

brought gold from West African Kingdoms, across the Sahara, to North Africa (Muslim traders)

* _______ returned from North Africa with cloth, metal ware, swords, salt, and Islamic ideas from Muslim traders__

caravanserai

settlements along trade routes in Afro-Eurasia that made trade easier

mali

1200s -1500s AD

* West Africa - broke away from Ghana and grew to include area that was once Ghana
* Economy:
* __Gold and Salt trade across the Sahara Desert;__

axum

(Ethiopia) became a stronghold for Christianity in 324 CE. The kingdom became increasingly marginalized as Islam expanded across and through the African continent. 

* __As _____ declined, Islam spread here, but Ethiopian elites continued to practice Christianity, however their beliefs represent a mix with African traditions.__

great zimbabwe

was a powerful state that developed along the __**Zambezi River,**__ in the interior of Eastern Africa.

* Great Zimbabwe served to link the interior of Africa with the larger trade network in the Indian Ocean. 

the ethiopian kingdom

arose in eastern sub-Saharan Africa starting in the 12th century.

* Kings always identified as Christian.  

salt AND gold

the main goods traded by Ghana (played a significant role in their economy and trade)

mansa musa

* Mali’s greatest king: 1312-1332 


* __Introduced Islam to Mali- made a pilgrimage to Mecca and brought back European architects__
* Built Mosques (Islamic places of worship) and palaces

peanuts, rice, yams, beans, onions, grains

Mali agriculture

timbuktu

an important city for Islamic art and culture built by Mansa Musa

sundiata

Oral traditions passed down (i.e, the legend of the “Lion King”)

swahili coast

refers to the Eastern African connection of independent cities that traded between Africa and the Indian Ocean (__originated from the__ __**Bantu**____)__

* The majority of the people in Eastern Africa lived family based tribal units, sometimes encompassing whole villages.  


* __The tribes were primarily patriarchal, although work allocated for each gender had equal value.__

bantu

people who had arrived from the African interior and people from the Indian Ocean and Arabia as well.

zambezi river

river located in the interior of Eastern Africa where the Great Zimbabwe was developed along

mogadishu, sofala, mombasa, zanzibar

cities that developed along the Swahili Coast which flourished from the 13th-15th century

the anasazi

developed in the Southwest around the Colorado and Rio Grande Rivers. 

* used river water to irrigate crops of maize, beans, squash, and sunflowers
* abandoned their land around 1300

the cahokia

developed around the waters of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers/modern St. Louis

* also known as mound builders

olmecs

after their collapse in Mesoamerica around 300 CE, this society was replaced by the Maya, Teotihuacan, the Toltecs, and eventually the Aztecs. 

chavin society

located in South America, the decline of this society led to regional groups such as the Mohica and Chimu to develop, and later the Inca

kivas

ritual enclosures used in Anasazi culture

pueblos

permanent adobe and stone buildings

altars

a religious practice used in Aztec culture. Many were sacrificed here.

pok-a-tok

a ritual ball court

stelae

Aztec alters

tattoos

something elites decorated their bodies with to display status/wealth. they also decorated their bodies with elaborate textiles, animal skins, and feathers.

khipu

system of knotted cords and beads was used for counting.

terraces

built into hillsides by the Inca (used for agricultural purposes)

mit’a system

each person owed compulsory labor service to the Inca state.

orejones

Inca priests and aristocrats wore ear spools which enlarged their ears (display of wealth/status)

byzantine empire

the eastern half of the old Roman Empire

* __Included most of the Balkan Peninsula, Italy, southern Spain, Asia Minor, Syria, and North Africa__

eastern orthodox christianity

sect of christianity

cyrillic alphabet

an alphabet devised by Cyril

schism

a separation created by political and geographic differences within the Catholic/Orthodox religion

diaspora

the spreading out of something (i.e, the Jewish Diaspora)

feudal relationships

aka Feudialism; The decentralization of _____ set the stage for the church to emerge as the strongest force in Europe

vassal

agreed to provide his lord with a certain number of knights for battle during a period of 40 to 60 days each year (feudal relationships)

decentralization

the transfer of control of an activity or organization to several local offices or authorities rather than one single one.

(google definition bc maue didnt give one smh)

monasticism

benedictine rule

Monks could not own goods, never marry, had to live a life of poverty

manorialism/manor

The lord’s estate, or land was called the __**Manor**__ - the Manor was a self-sufficient economic system

castles

were built by lords for defense 

the crusades

influenced changes in religion, society, politics, and economics

* __Technically were military expeditions focused on winning back the holy land from its Muslim occupants__

balkan peninsula

the peninsula included in Eastern Europe and Greece

aegean sea and the mediterranean

the borders of Eastern Europe and Greece

cyril and methodius

most successful missionaries who __**spread Eastern Orthodox Christianity to Russia**__

the pope/the patriarch

The Pope in Rome and the Patriarch of Constantinople did not agree on their roles in the Christian Church

the franks

During the AD 400’s, the ____ emerged as the strongest Germanic group in Western Europe.

the vikings

from Scandinavia. had boats. pretty violent ig. scary.

secular clergy

formed by the Pope, bishops, and priests - the phrase meaning “of the world”

monks and nuns

lived apart from society and were known as regular clergy (a phrase meaning “living by a rule”)

benedict

founded a monastery at Monte Cassino

monte cassino

a monastery founded by Benedict in Italy which then became a model for other monasteries

serfs

had their housing, protection, and land for farming provided to them by Lords

pope urban II

called on all Christians to unite and fight a holy Crusade

* A war to recapture the Holy Land from its Muslim rulers - 7 Crusades over 2 centuries were fought

impact of the crusades

* Cultural Diffusion: Europeans had greater exposure to new ideas; Use of zero in math


* __Foreign products-silk, rice, spices, coffee, perfume, cotton cloth, raisins, glass; New Learning__
* __From contact with the Muslims in Spain, Europeans rediscovered the writings of the Greeks and Romans__

silk, rice, spices, coffee, perfume

an impact of the Crusades regarding trade/economy