Physiology- Cardiology

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306 Terms

1
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
to circulate blood at a rate that is consistent with metabolic demand while also maintaining low filling pressure and adequate perfusion pressure
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2
What is perfusion pressure?
pressure needed to push blood to vital organs and other body systems
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3
What is filling pressure?
a combination of the blood entering the heart and blood left over in the heart after a pump
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4
What four things can blood carry?
  1. nutrients

  2. gas

  3. waste

  4. electrolytes

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5
What is oxygen bound to?
hemoglobin
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6
How do gas/nutrients/waste get exchanged in the blood?
capillaries
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7
What are the two types of circulation?
Systemic and pulmonary
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8
What is stroke volume?
the amount of blood that leaves the heart during systole
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9
What is cardiac output?
the amount of blood that leaves one side of the heart in one minute
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10
What is the equation for cardiac output?
stroke volume x heart rate
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11
What are the pulmonary and aortic valves also known as?
Semilunar valves
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12
What happens to pressure when a ventricle constricts?
pressure increases in comparison to atrial pressure
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13
When do the AV valves close?
When ventricular pressure increases greater than atrial pressure
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14
When do AV valves open?
when atrial pressure is higher than ventricular pressure
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15
When do semilunar valves open?
when ventricular pressure exceeds great artery pressure
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16
When do semilunar valves close?
when arterial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure
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17
What is diastole?
when atria and ventricles are relaxed
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18
What is sytole?
When atria or ventricles are contracted (ventricular contraction occurs shortly after atrial contraction)
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19
What is the right AV valve also known as?
the tricuspid valve
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20
What is the left AV valve also known as?
mitral valve
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21
What is the difference in shape between the left and right ventricles?
Right ventricle is crescent shaped while the left ventricle is cylindrical
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22
What is the shape of the right ventricle?
Crescent
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23
What is the shape of the left ventricle?
cylindrical
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24
What is the important physical difference between right and left ventricles?
Left ventricle is thick walled while the right ventricle is thin walled
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25
Which ventricle is considered a pressure pump?
left ventricle because it is systemic circulation
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26
Which ventricle is considered a volume pump?
right ventricle
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27
Where does blood in veins go?
to the heart
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28
Where does blood in arteries go?
away from the heart
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29
What term can be used to describe the pattern of blood vessels around/on the heart
fractal branching
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30
What are capillaries made of?
single layer of endothelial cells
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31
What are large arteries made of?
elastin
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32
What do veins not usually contain?
elastin because they dont need stretch (want to increase pressure)
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33
How is blood flow to tissues controlled?
Local vasoconstriction and vasodilation
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34
What is the fibrous skeleton responsible for?
electrically isolating the atria and ventricles
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35
What is the difference between a working cardiomyocyte and a special cardiomyocyte?
Working cardiomyocytes do not spontaneously depolarize while special cardiomyocytes do
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36
Where can you find working cardiomyocytes?
fibrous skeleton
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37
When do working cardiomyocytes depolarize?
When their neighbors do
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38
Why is low filling pressure important?
to avoid congestion
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39
What are the components of the conduction system?
  1. special cardiomyocytes

  2. AV node

  3. SA node

  4. Bundle of His

  5. Purkinje Fibers

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40
Where is the AV node located?
Atrial septum
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41
Where is the SA node located?
Right atrium
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42
What gives rise to purkinje fibers?
bundle of his
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43
What is the electrical connection between the atria and ventricles?
bundle of his
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44
What is the bundle of his?
electrical connection between atria and ventricles
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45
What gives rise to the Bundle of His?
AV node
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46
What makes special cardiomyocytes so special?
automaticity/ spontaneous depolarization
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47
What is the purpose of the conduction system?
allow communication between atria and ventricles with slight pause
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48
What is Ohm's law?
pressure difference= cardiac output x resistance
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49
What is resistance?
forces that must be overcome to establish flow
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50
What is current equivalent to?
cardiac output
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51
What is voltage equivalent to?
pressure difference
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52
What does Poiseuille's Law relate?
Radius and distance
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53
What happens to resistance when radius is increased?
resistance is decreased
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54
What happens to resistance when radius is decreased?
resistance is increased
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55
What is laminar flow?
smooth flow
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56
What is turbulent flow?
unorganized flow
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57
What factors are related to laminar flow becoming turbulent flow?
tube diameter, viscosity, density (all affect reynold's number)
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58
What kind of pressure system is systemic circulation?
high pressure
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59
What kind of pressure system is pulmonary circulation?
low pressure
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60
What kind of oxygen system is systemic circulation?
high O2
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61
What kind of oxygen system is pulmonary circulation?
low O2
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62
What kind of resistance system is systemic circulation?
high resistance
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63
What kind of resistance system is pulmonary circulation?
low resistance
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64
What is heart rate?
number of cardiac cycles in one minute
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65
What is normal membrane potential?
negative interior, positive exterior
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66
Why are cardiomyocytes excitable?
membrane potential
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67
What leads to an initial depolarization in the heart?
Excitation of cardiomyocytes
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68
What is a depolarization?
momentary reversal of the membrane potential (becomes more positive inside)
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69
What does an initial depolarization lead to?
Action potential
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70
What is the formula for conductance?
reciprocal of resistance
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71
What is conductance?
How easily ions flow
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72
How does membrane potential change?
ions flow in and out via special channels
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73
What part of the conduction system has the highest inherent rate of automaticity?
SA node
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74
What part of the conduction system has the lowest inherent rate of automaticity?
bundle of his
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75
What is pressure?
Force over a given area
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76
Where is the most blood found at any given time?
Systemic veins
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77
What are the units for pressure?
mmHg
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78
What determines venous return?
intravascular blood volume and venous tone
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79
Where is the greatest vascular resistance found?
Arterioles because they are more rigid
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80
How is tendency for laminar flow to turn into turbulent flow determined?
Factors that impact Reynold's number
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81
What factors impact reynold's number?
density, velocity, density, viscosity, diameter of vessel
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82
What is impedence?
forces that oppose pulsatile flow
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83
How does the heart contract?
myocardial shortening
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84
What are the most important ions involved in heart conductance?
calcium, sodium, potassium
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85
What controls cardiac rhythm?
SA node
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86
Why is working cardiomyocytes considered a functional syncitium?
intercalated discs and gap junctions allow it to function as one unit
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87
What are the three ways resting membrane potential is created?
  1. ATPase

  2. Donnan Effect

  3. Selective permeability of membrane (leaky K but not permeable to Na)

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88
What are the two types of potassium channels?
1.voltage-gated channels
2. inward rectifier
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89
What are voltage-gated K+ channels for?
repolarization
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90
What are inward rectifiers (K+) for?
maintaining resting potential
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91
How does the duration of a cardiac action potential compare to that of a nerve cell?
It is much longer than that of nerve cell AP
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92
Why does a cardiac AP have a plateau?
to avoid tetanus
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93
What does inward Na+ flow cause during phase 0?
Initial depolarization of purkinje and working myocardium
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94
What does slow Ca channels inward flow cause?
phase 2 plateau of specialized cardiomyocytes AND upstroke of working cardiomyocytes in phase 0
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95
What ion causes initial depolarization of working cardiomyocytes?
sodium
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96
What causes initial depolarization of specialized cardiomyocytes of nodes?
calcium
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97
What cells DO NOT spontaneously depolarize?
atrioventricular cells (working cardiomyocytes)
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98
What is overdrive supression?
spontaneous depolarization is suppressed if depolarization rate is higher than inherent rate in specialized cardiomyocytes
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99
What can change rate of spontaneous depolarization?
autonomic influences
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100
What is phase 2 of the action potential in heart?
plateau
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