Intro to Communication disorders FINAL

Literacy

Reading and writing

Phonics

A method of teaching reading to children by pointing out letter-sound correspondence or sounding out words

Phoneme

the smallest element of oral language that makes a difference in meaning

Phonological Awareness 

the awareness of individual phonemes, syllables, syllable onsets, words, words that rhyme, and skills of manipulating all of them

Intellectual disabilities

slower than normal rate of learning resulting in deficiencies of oral language learning and emergent literacy

Logographic stage of reading/writing

children’s recognition of printed word;prereading stage in the process of learning to read and write; ages preschool to first grade; child may pretend to read, retell stories in storybooks by looking at picts, names the letters of the alphabet, prints their own name, and plays with books, pencils, and crayons

Alphabetic stage of reading/writing

children’s knowledge of printed letters, words,and correct spelling of words; a stage in learning to read and write; can spell outspoken words, read simple stories, and begin to write the spelling of words (grades 1 – 2)

Orthographic Stage

children begin to read more fluently (grades 2 – 3), reading simple stories and familiar stories with fluency, reading new words with little hesitation, and concentrating on meanings of words

Rhyming

knowledge of rhyming words help strengthen phonological awareness; helps children notice word patterns and spelling patterns; improves listening and auditory discrimination; builds vocabulary; supports memory and recall; and makes reading fun and engaging

Alliteration

identifying words that begin or end with a certain sound by using prompts such as “tell me three words that end with the /sh/ sound.

l for literacy

involves 4 main areas foundation skills (phonological awareness, print awareness, letter-sound knowledge, rapid naming, letter recognition, and vocabulary); decoding and word recognition (sight word recognition, letter sound correspondence, sounding out phonemes); reading comprehension and listening comprehension; language development; left to right directionality; and written language (letter formation, spelling patterns, morphological knowledge, sentence structure, grammar errors, and organization of writing); and finally learning to read.

Informal assessments for literacy

observing reading aloud; taking language samples; having the child retell a story; asking comprehension questions; dictation tasks; writing prompts

Formalized/standardized assessments for literacy –

TOPP – 2 (Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing); PAT – 2 (Phonological Awareness Test); PLS – 5 Literacy Subtests (Preschool Language Scale 5); TOWRE – 2 (Test of Word Reading Efficiency); WRMT – III (Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests); TOWL – 4 (Test of Written Language); GORT – 6 (Gray Oral Reading Tests); KTEA – 3 (Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement)

Literacy Intervention

involves working with the child’s family, collaborating with teachers, and working with an SLP for areas of phonological awareness, print awareness, and home literacy environment to help with proper intervention

Hearing Loss

a reduced ability to detect or understand sounds; for communication disorders, hearing loss is important because it can significantly impact speech, language, learning, and social development; consists of conductive, sensorineural, and mixed hearing loss.

Acoustics

branch of physics, or the study of sound as a physical event as heard by an auditory system.

Pure Tone

a tone of a single frequency; sounds of specific frequencies

Frequency

the number of times a cycle of vibration repeats itself within a second.

Pitch

a sensation determined by the frequency of sound vibration; the greater the frequency, the higher the perceived pitch

Loudness

the physical characteristics of intensity of a sounds determines this sensation; loudness is a sensory experience or a sensation

Sound Pressure Level

a measure of the pressure of a sound; the intensity of a sound as expressed in terms of decibels at a certain sound pressure level

Outer Ear

Auricle/pinna and external auditory meatus – parts of the outer ear; funnels sound to the ear canal and helps localize sound; these areas lead to the eardrum.

Tympanic Membrane

thin, semitransparent, cone-shaped eardrum which is highly sensitive to sound.

Middle Ear

contains the 3 tiny bones (malleus, incus, stapes); middle ear space; eustachian tube, and nasopharynx

Inner Ear

contains the cochlea, the vestibule, the semi-circular canals and the auditory nerve CN 8.

Conductive hearing loss

diminished conductance of sound to the middle ear due to abnormalities of the external auditory canal, the eardrum, or ossicular chain of the middle ear.

Otitis Media

middle ear effusions or infection in the middle ear, often associated with upper respiratory infections; serous otitis media results in the middle ear being inflamed and filled with thick or watery fluid; the eustachian tube, that connects the middle ear cavity to the nasopharynx, is blocked; acute otitis media has a sudden onset due to infection, and a quick build-up of fluid and pus in the middle ear results in moderate to severe pain. Medications may help this situation; however, many individuals often have a myringotomy performed, to relieve the pressure off

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

diminished hearing due to damaged hair cells of the cochlea or the auditory portion of cranial nerve 8; the middle ear may effectively conduct the sound to the inner ear, but the hair cells in the cochlea or the acoustic nerve may be damaged resulting in a sensorineural hearing loss.

Meningitis

an inflammation of the meninges due to a viral infection; the meninges

are a thin membrane covering the brain and spinal cord

Anoxia

lack of oxygen during delivery; potential cause of brain damage

Tinnitus

various kinds of annoying noises in the ear; precepting of sound when no external sound is present such as ringing, buzzing, humming, hissing, or cliclick

Central auditory processing disorder

complex language processing problems that are caused by a lesion or lesions in the central auditory system

Audiologist

an expert in all aspects of hearing and its disorders; maintains special

clinical and research training in the assessment of hearing disorders and

rehabilitation of individuals with hearing loss and can suggest an appropriate

diagnosis of hearing disorders and their underlying pathology

Audiometer

an electronic instrument that generates and amplifies pure tones, noise, and other stimuli for testing hearing.

Tympanometry

this instrument helps measure the admittance values when a sound stimulus is placed in the external ear canal with an airtight closure and measures changes in the acoustic energy as the sound stimulates the auditory system. The graphed result from this testing is the tympanogram

Auditory brainstem response

testing which determines and records the electrical activity in the auditory nerve, the brain stem, and the cortical areas of the brain

Behavioral observation audiometry

a procedure in which sound stimuli are presented to elicit reflexive responses from young children through clapping, calling the infant’s name, and presenting noises that certain toys make.

Bilateral Hearing Loss

both ears are affected with hearing loss

Unilateral Hearing Loss

one ear is affected with hearing loss

Audiogram

a graph that shows the results of various hearing tests; a graph of

hearing loss.

Aural Rehabilitation

the set of services designed to help individuals with hearing loss communicate as effectively as possible. Although audiologists are the primary providers of AR, speech pathologists play an essential role in improving speech, language, and communication outcomes for people with hearing loss; efforts to improve the communicative effectiveness of individuals with hearing loss in family, social, educational, and occupational settings.

Behind the Ear Aid

this hearing aid is fitted behind and over the ear with a custom

fitted earmold placed in the ear and a small flexible plastic tube from the aid carries the amplified sound to the ear through the earmold

In the ear aid

this hearing aid fits completely inside the outer part of the ear; it is

custom-made to the person’s ear and helps make sounds louder and clearer

In the canal aid 

small hearing device that fits partly inside the ear canal and helps make sounds easier to hear while staying fairly hidden.

Lip Reading

the reader may concentrate solely on the non auditory movements of the speaker, mostly the movements of the lips and tongue.

Assistive listening device

tools that help people hear better in different situations, like using a microphone or amplifier to make sounds louder and clearer