Genetic Chapter 2

Character/Trait ?

Attribute if individual members of a species for which various heritable differences can be defined

What is gene discovery ?

Find a set of genes affecting some biological process of inheritance by the single gene inheritance patterns of their mutant alleles or by genomic analysis

Heritable variants?

Individual’s who inherit a trait that expresses differently from some standard form

Wild Type?

Most common form

Are mutants rare to wild type?

Yes

Phenotypes?

1. Form taken by some character in a specific individual

2. Detectable outward manifestations of a specific genotype

What are the 4 steps of analyzing traits ?

1. Amass mutants affecting the trait

2. Cross mutant to wild-type

3. Deduce functions of the gene at the molecular level

4. Identify how the gene interacts with the other to produce the trait in question

Genetic dissection ?

use of recombination and mutation to piece various components of a given biological function

Forward genetics?

Genes are first identified by mutant alleles and phenotypes

Later cloned and subjected to the molecular analysis

Reverse genetics ?

Begin with the cloned segment of DNA/protein sequence

What does reverse genetics introduce ?

Programmed mutations back into the genome to investigate

Mendel’s pioneering experiment ?

Garden Pea, Pisum Sativam- 3:1 ratio

Why did Mendel choose Garden pea?

Easy to grow and breed

What was Mendel interested in ?

The way which the hereditary unit that influenced traits from generation to the other

What are the 7 traits that Mendel investigated ?

1. Colour

2. Shape

3. pod colour

4. pod shape

5. flower colour

6. plant height

7. Position of flowering

What is a pure line ?

Pop, all bearing the identical fully homozygous genotype

Self-pollination ?

Fertilize eggs with sperms from the same individual

Parental generation?

Start of genetic breeding

F1?

From 2 homozygous diploid lines

F2?

From F1 generation 1:2:1

Gene ?

Fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity

Allele ?

Different form of a gene that can exist at a single locus

Dominant ?

Phenotype shown by a heterozygote

Is the dominant allele expressed even when heterozygous with recessive allele?

Yes

Recessive ?

Phenotypic affect is not expressed in a heterozygote

Heritable factors?

Genes that are located on chromosomes

Somatic cell division ?

Division of body cell into two daughter cells

Does mitosis produce exact copies of the parent cell?

yes

Where does meiosis take place?

meiocyte

Sexual cell division ?

division of a meiocyte that produce sex cells

what does meiosis produce ?

Sperm and eggs in plants/animals or sexual pores in fungi/algae

Does meiosis have one-half of the genetic material of the original cell ?

true

n ?

the number of chromosomes in the genome

2 genomes per chromosomes sets per adult cell

Diploid ?

cell having two chromosomes sets

Haploid ?

cell having one chromosome set

List 3 main concepts of Mitosis ?

1. Can take place in diploid or haploid cells

2. progenitor cell becomes two genetically identical cells

3. somatic cell division and the accompanying nuclear

Meiosis ?

Sexual cell division two sequential divisions take place along with two nuclear divisions

Does meiosis happen only in diploid cells?

True

What are the resulting gametes of meiosis ?

Haploid, 4 cells are produced

Tetrad ?

group of haploid cells

Stages of eukaryotic cell cycle ?

Cell division in common life cycles ?

How does chromosome become shorter?

condense by coiling

chromatids ?

one of the two side-by-side replicase produced by chromosome division