lifespan development chapters 9-12

Diffusion

1st of Marcia's identity statuses; the individual is overwhelmed by the task of achieving an identity and does little to accomplish the task

Foreclosure

2nd of Marcia's identity statuses; the individual has a status determined by adults rather than by personal exploration

Moratorium

3rd of Marcia's identity statuses; the individual is examining different alternatives but has yet to find one thats satisfactory

Achievement

the individual has explored alternatives and has deliberately chosen a specific identity

adolescent egocentrism

self-absorption; adolescents are overly concerned with their own thoughts and feelings

imaginary audience

adolescents believe that others are watching them constantly

personal fable

adolescents believe that their experiences and feelings are unique, and have never been experienced by anyone else

illusion of invulnerability

adolescents think that misfortune happens only to others ; misfortune cannot happen to them

ethnic identity

feeling that one belongs to s specific ethnic group

crystallization

first phase in Super's theory of career development; adolescents use their emerging identities to form identities about careers

specification

first phase in Super's theory of career development; adolescents learn more about specific lines of work and begin training

implementation

first phase in Super's theory of career development; individuals enter the workforce

Realistic

Personality type in Hollands theory; individuals enjoy doing physical labor and working with their hands; they like to solve concrete problems. (ex: mechanic, construction worker)

investigative

Personality type in Hollands theory; individuals are task oriented and enjoy thinking about abstract relations (ex: scientist)

Social

Personality type in Hollands theory; individuals are skilled verbally and interpersonally; they enjoy solving problems using these skills (ex: teacher, counselor, social worker)

Conventional

Personality type in Hollands theory; individuals have verbal and quantitative skills that they like to apply to structured, well-defined tasks assigned to them by others (ex: bank teller, payroll clerk)

Enterprising

Personality type in Hollands theory; individuals enjoy using their verbal skills in positions of power, status, and leadership (ex: business executive, television producer)

Artistic

Personality type in Hollands theory; individuals enjoy expressing themselves through unstructured tasks (ex: artist, musician, actor)

personality-type theory

view proposed by Holland that people find their work fulfilling when the important features of a job or profession fit their personality

depression

disorder characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, irritability, and low self-esteem

juvenile delinquency

when adolescents commit illegal acts that are destructive to themselves or others

adolescent-limited antisocial behavior

behavior of youth who engage in relatively minor criminal acts but arent consistently anti-social

life-course persistent antisocial behavior

antisocial behavior that emerges at an early age and continues throughout life

emerging adulthood

period between late teens and mid to late twenties when individuals are not adolescents but are not yet fully adults

rites of passage

rituals that make initiation into adulthood

role transitions

movement into the next stage of development marked by assumption of new responsibilities and duties

returning adult students

college students over 25

edgework

the desire to live life more on the edge through physically and emotionally threatening situations on the boundary between life and death

intimacy vs. isolation

6th stage in Erikson's theory and the major psychosocial task for young adults

binge drinking

type of drinking defined for men as consuming five or more drinks in a row and for women as consuming more than 4 drinks in a row within the past 2 weeks

addiction

physical dependence on a substance such that withdrawal symptoms are experienced when deprived of that substance

metabolism

how much energy the body needs

low-density lipoproteins (LDL's)

chemical that cause fatty deposits to accumulate in arteries, impeding blood flow

high density lipoproteins (HDL's)

chemicals that keep arteries clear and break down LDL's

body mass index (BMI)

ratio of body weigh and height related to total body fat

multidimensional

characteristic of theories of intelligence that identify several types of intellectual abilities

multidirectionality

developmental pattern in which some aspects of intelligence improve and other aspects decline in adulthood

interindividual variable

patterns of change that vary from one person to another

plasticity

concept that intellectual abilities are not fixed, but can be modified under the right conditions at just about any point in adulthood

primary mental abilities

groups of related intellectual skills (memory or spatial ability)

secondary mental abilities

broader intellectual skills that subsume and organize the primary abilities

fluid intelligence

abilities that make you flexible and adaptive thinker, allow you to make interferes, and enable you understand the relations among concepts

crystallized intelligence

the knowledge you have acquired through life experience and education in a particular culture

parieto-frontal integration theory (P-FIT)

theory that proposes that intelligence comes from a distributed and integrated network of neurons in the parietal and frontal lobes of the brain

postformal thought

thinking characterized by recognizing that the correct answer varies from one situation to another, that solutions should be realistic, that ambiguity and contradiction are typical, and that subjective factors play a role in thinking

reflective judgement

way in which adults reason through real-life dilemmas

life-span construct

unified sense of the past, present, and future based on personal experience and inout from other people

scenario

manifestation of the life-span construct through expectations about he future

social clock

tagging future events with a particular time or age by which they are to be completed

life story

a personal narrative that organizes past events into coherent sequence

possible selves

representations of what we could become, what we would like to become, and what we are afraid of becoming

personal control beliefs

the degree to which you believe your performance in a situation depends on something you do

primary control

behavior aimed at affecting the individuals external world

secondary control

behavior or cognition aimed at affecting the individuals internal world

assortative mating

theory stating that people find partners based on their similarity to each other

abusive relationship

relationship in which one person becomes aggressive toward the partner

battered woman syndrome

situation occurring when a woman believes that she cannot leave the abusive situation and may even go as far as to kill her abuser

cohabitation

people in committed, intimate, sexual relationships who live together but are not married

marital success

umbrella term referring to any marital outcome

marital quality

subjective evaluation of the couples relationship on a number of different dimensions

marital adjustment

degree to which a husband and wife accommodate to each other over a certain period of time

marital satisfaction

global assessment of one's marriage

homogamy

similarity of values and interests

exchange theory

relationship, such as marriage, based on each partner contributing something to the relationship that the other would be hard-pressed to provide

vulnerability-stress-adaptation model

model that proposes that marriage quality is a dynamic process resulting from the couples ability to handle stressful events in the context of their particular vulnerabilities and resources

nuclear family

most common form of family in western societies, consisting only of parent(s) and child(ren)

extended family

most common family around the world; one in which grandparents and other relatives live with parents and children

familism

idea the family's well-being takes precedence over the concerns of individual family members

covenant marriage

expands the marriage contract to a life-long commitment between the partners within a supportive community

collaborative divorce

voluntary, contractually based alternative dispute resolution process for couples who want to negotiate a resolution of their situation rather than have a ruling imposed on them by a court or an arbitrator

meaning-mission fit

alignment between an executive's personal intention and his her firms mission

career construction theory

theory that posits that people build careers through their own actions that result from the interface of their personal characteristics and the social context

social-cognitive career theory (SCCT)

theory that proposes that career choice is a result of the application of Bandura's social cognitive theory, especially the concept of self-efficacy

vocational maturity

degree of congruence between people's occupational behavior and what is expected of them t different stages

reality shock

situation in which what you learn in the classroom does not always transfer directly to the real world and does not represent all that you need to know

mentor or developmental coach

person who is part teacher, art sponsor, part model, and part counselor who facilitates on the job learning to help a new hire do the work required in his or her present role and to prepare for future roles

job satisfaction

positive feeling that results from an appraisal of one's work

psychological capital theory

notion that having a positive outlook improves processes and outcomes

alienation

when workers believe that what they are doing is meaningless and that their efforts are devalued or when they do not see the connection between what they do and the final product

burnout

depletion of persons energy and motivation, the loss of occupational idealism, and the feeling that one is being exploited

passion

strong inclination toward an activity that individuals life (and thus find important), and in which they invest time and energy

gender discrimination

act of denying a job to someone solely on the basis of whether the person in a man or woman

glass ceiling

level to which a woman may rise in an organization but beyond which they may not go

glass cliff

situation in which a womans leadership position is precarious

age discrimination

involves denying job or promotion to someone solely on basis of age

boomerang employees

individuals who terminate employment at one point in time but return to work in the same organization at a future time

career plateauing

situation that occurs when there is a lack of challenge in one's job or promotional opportunity in the organization or when a person decides not to seek advancement

backup care

emergency care for dependent children or adults so that an employee does not need to lose any days of work

work-family conflict

feeling of being pulled in multiple directions by incompatible demands from ones job and ones family

leisure

discretionary activity that includes simple relaxation, activities for enjoyment, and creative pursuits