AP Psychology Unit 1, 2 , and 3 Review

Biological Perspective

how the body and brain create emotions, memories, and sensations.

social-cultural perspective

how people differ as products of different environments

psychiatry

the medical treatment of psychological disorders

clinical psychology

the study, assessment, and treatment of troubled people

humanistic perspective

the historically significant perspective that emphasized people's potential for growth

behavioral perspective

the mechanisms by which observable responses are acquired and changed

industrial-organizational psychology

. behavior in the workplace

cognitive perspective

how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

basic research

adds to psychology's knowledge base

applied research

the study of practical problems

evolutionary perspective

how natural selection favors traits that promote the perpetuation of one's genes

psychodynamic perspective

the disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas

structuralism

. an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the contents of the mind

. functionalism

an early school of psychology that focused on the adaptive value of thoughts and behaviors

behaviorism

the view that psychology should be an objective science that avoids reference to mental processes

cognitive neuroscience

brain activity linked with perception, thinking, memory and language

Hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Theory

A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data

independent variable

the variable being manipulated in an experiment

dependent variable

the variable being measured in an experiment

experimental group

the "treatment-present" group in an experiment

control group

the "treatment-absent" group in an experiment

case study

an in-depth observational study of one person

survey

the research strategy in which a representative sample of individuals questioned

replication

repeating an experiment to see whether the same results are obtained

random assignment

the process in which research participants are selected by chance for different groups in an experiment

experiment

the research strategy in which the effects of one or more variables on behavior are tested

double blind

experimental procedure in which neither the research participant nor the experimenter knows which condition the participant is in

right hemisphere

specializes in spatial relations

brainstem

oldest part of the brain

temporal lobes

brain areas containing the auditory cortex

occipital lobe

brain areas containing the visual cortex

plasticity

the brain's capacity for modification

neurogenesis

the formation of new neurons

Broca's area

controls speech production

limbic system

regulates emotion

association areas

brain areas involved in higher mental functions

Structuralism, the first theoretical school in psychology, evolved primarily from the work of

(A) Wundt

(B) Kohler

(C) Watson

(D) Tolman

(E) Wertheimer

Wilhelm Wundt

The psychological point of view which emphasizes unconscious motivation as a factor in human behavior is

(A) client-centered therapy

(B) gestalt psychology or field theory

(C) psychoanalysis

(D) stimulus-response or S-R psychology

(E) rational-emotive therapy

(C) psychoanalysis

William James, James Cattell, John Dewey and E.L. Thorndike all belonged to which school of thought?

(A) structuralist

(B) behaviorist

(C) gestaltist

(D) mentalist

(E) none of the above

(E) none of the above

. In "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It," Watson (1913) made his final break with the structuralists and functionalists. What insight that has affected behaviorism today can be credited to him?

(A) Behavior constitutes the most important source of information that psychologists possess regarding human nature

(B) The contents and operations of the mind are of primary importance

(C) Psychology cannot be viewed as a "natural" science

(D) Laboratory experiments severely limit the validity of psychology; field studies should be conducted

(E) both (A) and (B)

(A) Behavior constitutes the most important source of information that psychologists possess regarding human nature

The thalamus serves which of the following functions?

(A) Relay center for sensory impulses

(B) Relay center from spinal cord to cerebrum

(C) Regulates external expression of emotion

(D) All of the above

(E) None of the above

(D) Relay center for sensory impulses, Relay center from spinal cord to cerebrum, Regulates external expression of emotion.

Which of the following effects does adrenalin have on the human body?

(A) Constriction of the pupils

(B) Increased rate of digestion

(C) Accelerated heart beat

(D) Increased hormone production

(E) Decreased hormone production

(C) Accelerated heart beat

Which of the following plays an important role in the regulation of respiration?

(A) Pons

(B) Hypothalamus

(C) Thalamus

(D) Forebrain

(E) Midbrain

(A) Pons

Neurons are unique among cells in that they

(A) cannot conduct impulses

(B) cannot reproduce

(C) have a nucleus containing genetic material

(D) are surrounded by a membrane

(E) all of the above

(B) cannot reproduce

Which of the following best describes the major function(s) of the spinal cord?

(A) acts as a messenger to the brain

(B) filters sensory impulses

(C) directs simple actions independent of the brain

(D) both (A) and (B)

(E) both (A) and (C)

(E) acts as a messenger to the brain & directs simple actions independent of the brain

The region at the base of the brain which is highly involved in most emotional and physiological motivation is the

(A) medulla

(B) rhinencephalon

(C) pituitary gland

(D) hypothalamus

(E) actomyosin

(D) Hypothalamus

Spinal nerves belong to the

(A) peripheral nervous system

(B) central nervous system

(C) antagonistic nervous system

(D) residual nervous system

(E) none of the above

(A) peripheral nervous system

12.The pituitary gland secretes which of the following hormones?

(A) TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

(B) ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone)

(C) FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

(D) LH (luteinizing hormone)

(E) all of the above

(E) All of the above

Any procedural variable which can cause a subset of the population to be nonrepresentative of the population is a

(A) Sample error

(B) Sample bias

(C) Population error

(D) Sample shift

(E) Population bias

(B) Sample Bias

Given a sample of data that is homogeneous, you can expect the standard deviation to be

(A) Large

(B) Small

(C) Above 0.05

(D) Small if the sample size is small

(E) Large if the sample size is large

(B) Small

15. Which of the following best describes correlational analysis?

(A) a measure of association between two variables

(B) a measure of linear association between two characteristics

(C) a measure of causation between X and Y

(D) a measure of causation X on Y

(E) a measure of causation Y on X

(B) a measure of linear association between two characteristics

In a cross-sectional study, the researcher examines

(A) subjects over extended periods of time

(B) different subjects at different developmental levels

(C) different cultural groups for comparison

(D) the dynamics of relationships with family members

(E) both (A) and (B)

(B) different subjects at different developmental levels

What is the value of the median for the numbers 34, 29, 26, 37, 31 and 34?

(A) 31

(B) 34

(C)30.1

(D) 32.5

(E) 5.5

(D) 32.5

Human factors engineering is concerned with

a) Providing therapy using physical methods.

b) The design of equipment and the tasks performed with the operation of equipment.

c) The application of computers and scientific measurement to the betterment of the human society.

d) Automated instruction methods.

e) Human perceptions of the machines they operate.

b) The design of equipment and the tasks performed with the operation of equipment.

Which of the following is no longer considered a scientific method appropriate for psychology?

a) Non-parametric statistics

b) Introspection

c) Field research

d) Parametric statistics

e) Hypothesizing

b) Introspection

A founding father of psychology who organized the first psychology lab in 1879 was

a) Sir Charles Sherrington.

b) Hermann Von Helmholtz.

c) William James.

d) Wilhelm Wundt.

e) Eugene Galanter.

d) Wilhelm Wundt.

Historically, gestalt psychologists focused mainly on problems dealing with

a) Perception

b) Learning

c) Motivation

d) Development

e) Cognition

a) Perception

Which of the following is the most widely accepted significance level for demonstrating significance in experimental results

a) .5

b) .05

c) .55

d) 5.0

e) .10

b) .05

23. A "positively skewed" distribution is

a) A distribution that has a dew extremely high values

b) A distribution that has a few extremely low values

c) A flat distribution, with a wide dispersion of values

d) A distribution that is very peaked and leptokurtic

e) A distribution that is both flat and leptokurtic

a) A distribution that has a dew extremely high values

A few extreme scores in a distribution will affect

a) The value of the median more than that of the mean..

b) The value of the mean more than that of the median.

c) The values if the mean and median equally.

d) The values of the mode more than that of the median

e) Neither the value of the mean nor the median.

b) The value of the mean more than that of the median

The simplest measure of variability is the

a) Standard deviation.

b) Z-score.

c) Variance.

d) Range.

e) Chi-square.

d) Range.

. Compute the range of the following set of numbers: 5, 692, 415, 17, 63, 200, 145.

a) 145

b) 220

c) 687

d) 5

e) 692

c) 687

27. In a positively skewed distribution, which of the following gives the correct relative sequence from left to right of the central tendency measures?

a) Mode, median, mean

b) Mean, median, mode

c) Mean, median, and mode are all the same point

d) Median, mode, mean

e) Not enough information is given to determine the sequence

a) Mode, median, mean

. In order to produce effects in experiments, researchers manipulate

a) Subjects

b) Dependent variables

c) Independent variables

d) Test variables

e) Statistics

c) Independent variables

A measure of variability based upon the differences between each score and the mean is the

a) Standard deviation

b) Sampling error

c) Z-score

d) Range

e) T-score

a) Standard deviation

Extreme scores in a distribution most dramatically affect the

a) T-score

b) Mode

c) Mean

d) Media

e) Z-score

c) Mean

31. Physiologically, emotional responses take place

a) In the brain

b) In the autonomic nervous system (ANS) e) In all of the above

c) In the muscles and internal organs

d) In the sympathetic nervous system

e) in all of the above

e) in all of the above

The cerebellum is greatly involved in planning movements as well as in coordinating them. It develops new motor programs which enable slow and deliberate movements to become rapid and automatic after practice. Damage to the cerebellum can lead to inability to perform rapid alternating movements and difficulty in making eye movements.

Movements that are rapid and automatic after practice are known as

a) Feedback-guided movements

b) Gross movements

c) Ballistic movements

d) Fine movements

e) Involuntary movements

c. Ballistic movements

When someone with cerebellar damage is performing the "finger-to-nose" test, his finger reaches a point just in front of his nose and then begins shaking out of control. This points to the fact that

a) Putting one's finger on one's nose is a purely ballistic movement.

b) The cerebellum is responsible from maintaining he steady, non-relaxed positioning of a limb or other body part.

c) The person may be developing Parkinson's disease.

d) Both B and C

e) Both A and B

b) The cerebellum is responsible from maintaining he steady, non-relaxed positioning of a limb or other body part.

Which of the following is NOT controlled by the cerebellum

a) Speaking

b) Writing

c) Playing the piano

d) Walking

e) Playing basketball

d) walking

The reticular activating system (RAS) is thought to be

a) Responsible for hunger and satiation.

b) Unrelated to drive forces in humans.

c) The central coordinating point for information in the nervous system.

d) The physiological center for schizophrenic systems.

e) Both A and C

b) Unrelated to drive forces in humans.