Week 1: Intro to Public Health, Community, and ADPIE

What is population health?

The health outcomes of a group of individuals including patterns of health determinants, and policies and interventions that link the two

What is a population definition?

Key point that those in a defined population have at least one characteristic in common

What are examples of population definitions?

Geographic area, students of a particular school, employees of a specific company, individuals covered by insurance companies such as Medicare or Medicaid

What is population health management?

Strategies used by public health decision-makers to manage clinical populations, frequently defined by diagnoses; population-focused approaches to planning, delivering, and evaluating various interventions related to health

What is Public Health?

Practice of protecting and improving the health of entire populations rather than focusing on individuals

What types of people do public health staff look at?

Expands from people in utero to patients at end of life and every stage in between

What are health disparities?

particular types of preventable differences that are closely linked to social, economic, and environmental disadvantages

How does the absence of disease impact someone’s health?

Absence of disease does not equal good health

What are examples of populations that are exposed to health disparities?

LGBTQ+ individuals, racial or ethnic groups, religious groups, gender, age, people with disabilities, geographic locations

What are social determinants of health?

Conditions in the environments where people are born, live, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality of life outcomes and risks (non-medical factors)

What are the five domains of the social determinants of health?

Economic stability, education access/quality, health care access/quality, neighborhood and built environment, social/community context

What is the most influential domain of the social determinants of health?

Neighborhood and built environment (Quality of housing, schools, violence, walkability ‘sidewalks’, parks, transportation, etc.)

What is upstream thinking?

The focus is not to treat the disease after it occurs but to analyze why it is occurring and use this knowledge to prevent it

What is the difference between Public health and other nursing specialties?

Public health focuses on the health of a population, goal is to promote health and prevent disease, primary prevention; traditional nursing focuses on the health of individuals, want to cure disease, and focus on secondary and tertiary prevention

What are the three levels of care?

Primary, secondary, and tertiary care

What is primary care?

Prevention of problems before they occur

What are examples of primary care?

Vaccinations, teaching about nutrition and exercise

What is secondary care?

Screening that allows for early diagnosis, prompt treatment, and disability limitation

What are examples of secondary care?

Screening for TB, diabetes, etc. and providing medications to control and prevent complications

What is tertiary care?

Restoration and rehabilitation after an individual has a health problem; Stopping deterioration in a patient, a relapse, or disability and dependency by anticipatory medical care

What are examples of tertiary care?

Pulmonary rehabilitation to improve lung function, OT for someone who had a diabetes-related amputation

What are the 3 core functions of public health?

Assessment, policy development, and assurance

What is Core Function #1 Assessment?

Investigate health needs and problems by monitoring health status, diagnosing, and investigating health problems and health hazards in a community

What is Core Function #2 Policy Development?

Advocate for resources, prioritize and address health needs by planning and developing policies to address the priority health needs

What is Core Function #3 Assurance?

Manage resources, implement programs to address priority health needs, and evaluate how those interventions are affecting the populations; informing the communities about what resources are available to them.

What are some examples of Public health achievements?

Vaccine preventable diseases, reduction of coronary heart disease and stroke, safer and healthier workplaces, motor vehicle safety

What is a community?

A group of individuals who interact as social units- sharing common characteristics, interests, values, and/or geographic locations

What are types of communities?

Face to face, virtual, political, neighborhood, city, state, country, identifiable need (ex. people with hypertension)

Describe assessment in terms of public health.

Assessment of the community

Describe diagnosis in terms of public health.

Diagnosis is community focused

Describe planning in terms of public health.

Planning with the community

Describe implementation in terms of public health.

Implementation addresses the community

Describe evaluation in terms of public health.

Outcomes measured at the level of the community as a whole

What is the health planning model?

Similar to the nursing process but it doesn’t include individual diagnoses (APIE not ADPIE)

What is the purpose of community assessment?

Begin to know the community, initiate partnerships and develop collaborations with community members

What are some types of data that are used in community assessment?

Primary data (collected by me, the investigator), secondary data (information from another source such as the census, stats, health records, literature reviews)

What is formative evaluation?

Evaluation at each stage of intervention implementation (ongoing); typically used for a long project

What is summative evaluation?

Evaluation at the completion of intervention to understand the finale product/outcome (Where the objectives met or not met?); for short term projects

What are the steps in the Health Planning model for evaluation?

Relevance (Was the program needed?), adequacy (address the entire problem), progress (tracking program activities to meet program objectives), efficiency (benefits >costs), effectiveness (results), impacts (long-term results), and sustainability (is the program able to continue)

What are examples of evaluation sources?

Surveys, patient satisfaction with the program, interviews, observations, morbidity and mortality data