Cultural Anthropology Exam 3

economy

a cultural adaptation to the environment that enables a group of humans to use the available land, resources, and labor to satisfy their needs and thrive

food foragers

humans who subsist by hunting, fishing, and gathering plants to eat

pastoralism

a strategy for food production involving the domestication and hearding of animals

horticulture

the cultivation of plants for subsistence through nonintensive use of land and labor

agriculture

an intensive farming strategy for food production involving permanently cultivated land to provide a food surplus

industrial agriculture

intensive farming practices involving mechanization and mass producing of food stuffs

reciprocity

the exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status to create and reinforce social ties

redistribution

a form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern

triangle trade

the extensive exchange of enslaved people, sugar, cotton, and furs between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that transformed economic, political, and social life on both sides of the Atlantic

industrial revolution

the eighteenth and nineteenth century shift from agriculture and artisinal skill craft to machine-based manufacturing

modernization theories

post-world war 2 economic theories that predicted that with the end of colonialism, less-developed countries would follow the same trajectory toward modernization as the industrialized countries

development

post-world war 2 strategy of wealthy nations to spur global economic growth, alleviate poverty, and raise living standards through strategic investment in national economies of former colonies

dependency theory

a critique of modernization theory arguing that despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations of the modern world economic system had not changed

neocolonialism

a continued pattern of unequal economic relations between former colonial states and former colonies despite the formal end of colonial political and military control

underdevelopment

the term used to suggest that poor countries are poor based on their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system

core countries

industrialized former colonial states that dominate the world economic system

periphery countries

the least developed and least powerful nations; often exploited by the core countries

semi-periphery countries

nations ranking inbetween core and periphery countries, with some attributes of core countries but less of a centralrole in the global economy

Fordism

the dominant model of industrial production for much of the twentieth century, based on a social compact between labor, corporations, and government

flexible accumulation

the increasingly flexible strategies that corporations use to accumulate profits in an era of globalization, enabled by innovated communication and transport technology

neoliberalism

an economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth, with a severly restricted role for government

commodities

a good that can be bought, sold, or exchanged in a market

commodity chains

the hands an item passes through between producer and consumer

environmental anthropology

the study of relations between humans and the environment

Anthropocene

the current geological era in which human activity is reshaping the environment in permanent ways

multispecies ethnography

ethnographic research that considers the interactions of all species living on the planet in order to provide a more-than-human perspective on the world

gentrification

urban renewal, often supported by government policies and incentives, that effectively replaces low-income residents, often people of color, with wealthier newcomers

built environment

the intentionally designed features of human settlement, including buildings, transportation, public service infrastructure, and public spaces

ecotourism

tours of the remote natural environments designed to support local communities and their conservation efforts

settler colonialism

displacement and pacification of indigenous people and expropriation of their lands and resources

pushes and pulls

the forces that spur migration from the country of origin and draw immigrants to a particular new destination country

bridges and barriers

the factors that enable or inhibit migration

chain migration

the movement of people facilitated by the support of networks of family and friends who have already immigrated

hometown associations

organizations created for mutual support among immigrants from the same hometown or region

remittances

resources transferred from migrants working abroad to individuals, families, and institutions in their country of origin

cumulative causation

an accumulation of factors that create a culture in which migration comes to be expected

labor immigrants

persons who move in search of low-skill and low-wage jobs, often filling economic niches that native-born workers will not fill

guest worker programs

a policy that allows labor immigrants to enter a country temporarily to work but denies them long-term rights and privileges

professional immigrants

highly trained individuals who move to fill economic niches in middle-class professions often marked by shortages in the recieving country

brain drain

migration of highly skilled professionals from developing/periphery countries to developed/core countries

social capital

assests and skills such as language, education, and social networks that can be mobilized in lieu of or in tandem with financial capital

entrepreneurial immigrants

persons who move to a new location to conduct trade and establish businesses

refugees

persons who have been forced to move beyond their national borders because of political or religous persecution, armed conflict, or disasters

internally displaced persons

persons who have been forced to move within their country of origin because of persecution, armed conflicts, or disasters

internal migration

the movement of people within their own national borders

transnationalism

the practice of maintaining active participation in social, economic, religous, and politcal spheres across national borders

art

all the ideas, forms, techniques, and strategies that humans employ to express themselves creatively and to communicate their creativity and inspriation to others

fine art

creative expression and communication often associated with cultural elites

popular art

creatives expression and communication often associated with the general population

universal gaze

an intrinsic way of percieving art - thought by many in the western art world to be found across cultures - that informs what people consider to be art

authenticity

the perception of an objects antiquity, uniqueness, and originality within a local culture

ethnomusicology

the study of music in cultural context

kinetic orality

a musical genre combining body movement and voice

global mediascape

global cultural flows of media and visual images that enables linkages and communication across boundaries in ways unimaginable a century ago

media worlds

an ethnographic and theoretical appraoch to media studies that focuses on the tensions that may exist when visual worlds collide in the context of contemporary globalization

social media

forms of communication founded on computer and internet based technologies that facilitate social engagement, work, and pleasure

visual anthropology

a field of anthropology that explores the production, circulation, and consumption of visual images, focusing on the power of visual representation to influence culture and cultural identity

photographic gaze

presumes a neutral viewpoint of the camera that, in fact, projects the perspective of the person behind the camera onto human nature, the natural world, and history

indigenous media

the use of media by people who have experienced massive economic, political, and geographic disruption to build alternative strategies for communication, survival, and empowerment

Infrastructure

a relational and distributional system that circulates something

Ontology

nature of being and becoming