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Sources of law
The origins of legal rules, including legal statutes, court decisions, customary law, and legal writings.
Trias politica
The principle of separation of powers into legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
Positive law
Law that is currently applicable and enforceable that does not include legal writing
Customary law
Unwritten law that is binding but often replaced by legislation or case law over time.
Legal actors
Entities such as natural persons (individuals) and legal persons (companies) that have rights and obligations under the law.
Public law vs. Private law
Public law governs the relationship between the state and individuals, while private law governs relationships among private parties.
Legal rights
Entitlements based on legal rules that provide individuals with claims or protections.
Civil law
A legal system based on written codes and statutes, derived from Roman law.
Common law
A legal system based on case law and judicial precedents rather than written statutes.
Summa divisio
principal classification in law such as the division between public law and private law
Tort law
the area of civil law that deals with "civil wrongs" causing harm or loss to individuals, where the injured party can seek compensation for damages
ius commune
stare decisis
the legal principle of determining points in litigation according to precedent
Dura lex, sed lex
roman maxim used to justify the enforcement of a law; the law is harsh, but it is the law