Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids and Proteins

Identify the properties shared by all lipids

Hydrophobic, nonpolar, not polymers, do not dissolve in water

Identify the three types of lipids and their roles in an organism

Triglycerides provide energy storage, insulation and cushioning of organs. Phospholipids are a major component of the cellular membrane. Steroids are hormones.

Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

Saturated fats are composed of all single covalent bonds, and are solid at room temp. Unsaturated fats contain a double bond halfway through, and are liquid at room temp.

Why are saturated fats solid at room temp while unsaturated fats are liquid at room temp.

Saturated fats have a high melting point due to closely packed molecules, while unsaturated fats have a low melting point due to their double bonds that prevent close packing.

Identify the components of a phospholipids

composed of Glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate

define the term amphipathic

a region is hydrophilic in a region and hydrophobic in another. For example phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Identify the three groups of molecules that are considered carbohydrates

monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.

Write the general molecular formula for a monosaccaride

C6H12O6

List two functional groups in sugar

Hydroxyl, and carbonyl

List three monosaccharides and explain how they are similar and different.

Sucrose, fructose and galactose. They are isomers but they have different shapes.

list 3 common disaccharides and their role. How are they formed from monosaccharides.

Sucrose transports sugar in plants. Lactose is milk sugar in mammals. Maltose breakdown products of starch. They are formed by dehydration synthesis.

Difference between alpha ring structure and beta ring structure.

Alpha OH is on the bottom. Beta OH is on the top

Full names of DNA and RNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid

Identify the type of chemical reaction that joins nucleotides to make a polynucleotide.

Dehydration

what type of fat is worst for heart, blood and body

Trans fat

why are trans fat harmful

we do not contain the enzymes to break them down

Shape of a steroid

(lipid) 3 hexagon and a dog house.

what is fiber

a carbohydrate

what is the monomer in the nucleic acid

nucleotide

3 components of Nucleic acids

Phosphate ground, sugar, nitrogen containing base

Explain the difference between DNA and RNA

Function, DNA is the genetic material that contains instructions, and RNA carries information from DNA to cell.
Nitrogenous, DNA AGCT, RNA AGCU
Shape, DNA double helix, RNA single stranded
Sugar, DNA deoxyribose, RNA Ribose

Explain what is meant by the term complementary when discussing nucleic acids. Explain which pairs of nitrogenous bases are complementary, the type of interaction between complementary bases, and how this interaction holds the double bond helix together in double-stranded DNA

Complentary means that each is a predictable counterpart of the other. A is complentary to T, G is complentary to C (both vise versa). The pairing is always the same making the double helix hold.

Discuss the role of DNA in reproduction and explain how the structure of the DNA molecule allows for production of two indenitical DNA molecules during DNA replication

DNA provides directions for its own replication. DNA is able to replicate due to the complentary base pairing

Describe how DNA and RNA work together to express the info encoded in a gene.

First the DNA is transcribed into RNA then transcription of info goes from DNA to RNA then the RNA molecules interact with proteins building of a cell. This is how DNA and RNA work together to read info

Describe the 4 parts of DNA

Phosphate, Deoxyribose, Nitrogen base, and hydrogen bonds

What parts make up the nucleotide

Phosphate, Deoxyribose, Nitrogen base

Draw the structural formula for an amino acid. Identify the functional groups of the A.A

Explain how the 20 amino acids are similar and different to each other

They are similar as they contain a central carbon, and they contain an amino and carboxyl group. They are different as they each have a different R group

How to identify if the R group is charged, Hydrophobic or polar.

If it is charged than it will have a charge, Hydrophobic interactions are nonpolar, such as CH3, Polar groups such as OH... Polar will win over Nonpolar

Define Primary structure

a chain of amino acids connected and stabilized by peptide bonds

Define secondary structure

The secondary structures is a regular, repeating pattern of folding of a polypeptide chain, these structures are stabilized by hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms

Define Tertiary structure

irregular folding of a polypeptide chain, held together by interactions between R groups such as Hydrogen, Ionic and Disulfide bonds and hydrophobic interactions

Define Quaternary structures

polypeptides interact with each other to form a multi subunit proteins. They are stabilized with interactions between R groups (same as tertiary structure stabilizers)

Identify which bonds break when a protein is denatured by heat.

Peptide bonds do not break but all other levels are lost but hydrophobic break first

Identify which bonds break when a protein is denatured by PH

Peptide bonds do not break but all other levels are lost but ionic bonds break first

Explain why the specific shape of a protein is important

The specific shape of a protein is important as it determines the function of that protein

Explain why there is a large variety of possible proteins structures

There are 20 different amino acids, meaning there is a large number of possibilities where they could be arranged. This large number of possible arrangements leads to an even bigger number of possibilities for protein structures. These arrangements can also be bonded differently

carbohydrates function

Energy and energy storage

Elements of Carbohydrates

C, H, O

Lipids function

energy storage, and phospholipids make up cell membrane

Proteins function

Made up up C, H, O, N, P, S; involved in everything a cell does

Nucleic Acids fucntion

Store and tranmit infromation; made up from C H O N P; DNA and RNA