structure and function of the cardiovascular system

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

To deliver blood to tissues within the body, providing the body with nutrients and oxygen and removing waste materials and carbon dioxide

What is the heart?

The organ that pumps blood throughout the cardiovascular system, composed of left and right sides

What is the left side of the heart responsible for?

Receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumping to the body

Function of the right side of the body

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body and sends it to the lungs so that the process mag reoccur

Angi/o

Blood vessel

Aort/o

Aorta

Arteri/o, arter/o

Artery

Ather/o

Fatty matter

Atri/o

Atrium

Cardi/o

Heart

Hemangi/o

Blood vessel

Pericardi/o

Pericardium

Phleb/o

Vein

Sphygm/o

Pulse

Thromb/o

Blood clot

Vas/o

Blood vessel

Ven/o

Vein

What is the cardiovascular system?

Body’s delivery service

What is the heart?

Pumps blood through the tubular passages through which blood travels or blood vessels, to all the cells in the body

What is the average length, width, and weight of the heart?

The average adult heart is about 5 inches long, 3.5 inches wide, and weighs approximately 300 g, depending on an individual size and gender

What is the heart wall consist of?

A double layered protective sac and additional layers

What is the pericardium?

The protective sac that covers the pericardial cavity (which is filled with pericardial fluid), a lubricant for the membrane of the heart

What are the parts of the pericardium?

Visceral pericardium (inner layer) which is also called the epicardium it is attached to the heart wall, and the parietal pericardium (the outer portion of the pericardium)

What are the other two layers of the heart?

The myocardium and the endocardium

What is the myocardium?

A thick layer of muscular tissue

What is the endocardium?

The inner layer that forms a membrane lining for the chambers and the valves of the heart

The heart is divided into

Left and right side sides, each side of the heart pump’s blood to a specific area of the body

Function of right side of the heart

Pumps deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs

Function of left side of the heart

Pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body where it delivers nutrients and oxygen

Each side of the heart has

Two chambers

The right side has what chambers

The right atrium and the right ventricle which are separate separated from the left side of the heart

what are the chambers of the left side of the heart?

Left atrium and left ventricle

What’s separates the left and right portions of the heart

Septum (plural = septa)

Where is the atria and ventricle located?

Atria = upper heart chamber

Ventricle = lower heart chamber

What the part of the septum between the two atria (plural of atrium) are called

interatrial septum

The part between two ventricles is called

Interventricular septum

Blood is pumped through the four chambers of the heart with the assistance of

Four heart valves that open and close to allow the blood to flow in only one direction

Blood flows Through the chambers of the heart in only one direction, with the flow regulated by

Valves

The blood is pumped through the body through the system of

Arteries and veins

Arteries carry

Oxygenated blood, except in pulmonary circulation, away from the heart

Veins carry

Deoxygenated blood, except in pulmonary circulation, towards the heart

The arteries have a lining called the

Endothelium, which secretes enzymes and other substances into the blood

The space within the artery through which blood flows is called the

Lumen

What are the two atrioventricular valves?

Tricuspid valve (between right atrium and right ventricle) and the bicuspid/mitral valve (between the left atrium and left ventricle)

Function of the atrioventricular valves

Controlled the flow of blood between the atria and ventricles

Function of the tricuspid valve

Has three cusps/flaps that open and close to allow blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle

function of the bicuspid valve

has 2 cups that resemble a bishops miter (hat), this is commonly known as the mitral valve. It controls blood flow on the left side of the heart, from the atrium to the ventricle.

What are the two semilunar valves?

The pulmonary valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk, and the aortic valve between the left ventricle and aorta.

Function of the semilunar valves

Prevent back flow of the blood into the heart

Function of blood vessels

Carry blood within the heart to tissue and organs within the body

What are the three types of blood vessels

Arteries, veins, and capillaries

Characteristic of blood vessels

They will expand to allow more blood to flow through them when needed. The same vessel can’t constrict to control the flow of blood through the body.

What are arteries and veins?

Vessels that carry blood throughout the body

Circulation of blood is

The essential function of the cardiovascular system

Circulation of blood includes

Coronary circulation, circulation of the blood within the heart; pulmonary circulation, the flow of blood between the heart and the lungs; and systemic circulation, the flow of blood between the heart and the cells of the body

What is coronary circulation?

Flow of blood within the heart

What are coronary arteries?

They branch off the aorta (the bodies largest artery, and the artery through which the blood exit the heart), supplying blood to the heart muscle

The heart needs more oxygen than any other organ except

The brain

The amount of blood pumped into the heart through the coronary arteries is about

100 gallons per day

characteristic of semilunar and atrioventricular valves

The aortic semilunar valve controls the blood between the left ventricle and aorta, the atrioventricular valves control the circulation of blood within the heart, between the atria and the ventricle

What is pulmonary circulation?

The flow of blood between the heart and lungs

What is the pulmonary artery?

Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs grt oxygen

Oxygenated blood flows from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart through the

Pulmonary veins

what is systemic circulation?

The flow of blood through the arteries and veins of the body

The heart pump’s blood through the arteries to

The cells of the body

How does the blood move and why?

The blood moves in a surge caused by the muscular contraction of the heart

What is the surge of blood called?

The pulse

Characteristic of blood that goes from the heart to the cells of the body

The blood that goes from the heart to the cells of the body, except the lungs, is oxygenated

What is the carotid artery?

Supplies, oxygen rich blood to the head and neck

What is the femoral artery

Supplies, oxygen rich blood to the thigh

What is the popliteal artery

Supplies oxygen rich blood to the back of the knee

Arteries divide into smaller vessels called

Arterioles

Arterioles then divide into very narrow vessels called

Capillaries which act as the transfer station of the delivery system→ the thin wall capillaries allow the essential nutrients to leave the capillaries via osmosis, the movement from a greater concentration to a lesser concentration through a membrane (in this case the cell wall)

The capillaries provide the cells they serve with

Essential nutrients and intern move waste products, such as carbon dioxide from the cells, sending it to the venules

What are venules

Small branches of veins

Function of the veins

Take deoxygenated blood back to heart

What is the saphenous veins

Remove oxygen poor blood from the legs

Veins move blood by

Gravity, skeletal muscle contraction, and respiratory activity

Veins contain small valves that

Prevent blood from flowing backward

The blood from the upper part of the body is collected and carried the heart through a large vein called the

Superior vena cava

Blood from the lower part of the body goes to the other large vein called the __ and then to the heart

Inferior vena cava

Function of both of the venae cavae

Bring blood to the right atrium of the heart

How many impulses per minute does the SA and AVE nodes fire

SA → fires 60-100 impulses per minute

AVE → fire 40-60 impulses per minute

blood pressure measures

The pressure of blood within the arteries

blood pressure is measured with

Sphgymomanometer and a stethoscope

They provide information about pressure within the heart before and after the heart tracks

The conduction system of the heart controls

Electrical impulses that caused the heart to contract

How does the electrical impulses start and travel?

The impulse begins at the sinoatrial (SA) node, located in the right atrium, and quickly travels through an electrical pathway to the Purkinje fibers, resulting in coordinated ventricular contraction

Picture of the conduction system of the heart

Blood pressure is

The force of the blood surging against the walls of the arteries

Each heart beat consists of two parts

The first is the contraction which is called the systole and the second is the relaxation called diastole

What is blood pressure?

The measurement of the systolic pressure followed by the diastolic pressure

What is normal blood pressure for adults?

120/80, the number 120 represents the pressure within the walls of the artery during systole or during contraction; the number 80 represents the pressure within the atrial wall during diastole or during relaxation

What does the pulse pressure represent?

The difference between the diastolic and systolic reading. In blood pressure 120/80, the pulse pressure is 40, which represents the strength of the left ventricle when pumping blood into the body.

What is the conduction system?

Controlled the impulses that causes the heart to contract→ contained in special heart tissue called conductive tissue in the right atrium

What is the conductive tissue in the right atrium called?

Sinoatrial (SA) node, and is known as the heart’s pacemaker because it’s electrical impulses cause the regular contractions that result in a normal heartbeat/pulse

The contractions take place in

The myocardium

The contraction cycle through

Polarization (resting state) to depolarization (contraction state) to repolarization (recharging from contracting to resting) in the heartbeat

The electrical current from the SA note passes to a portion of the interatrial septum called the

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Function of AV node

Since the charge to a group of specialized muscle fibers called the atrioventicular bundle

The bundle of His divides into

Left and right bundle branches and causes the ventricles to contract, forcing blood away from the heart during systole