Chemical Bonds, Element Properties & Water Interactions

These flashcards review chemical bond types, element valence and electronegativity trends, bond properties, and the cohesion versus adhesion behavior of water.

What type of chemical bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms?

A covalent bond.

Which bond results from the complete transfer of electrons, creating oppositely charged ions?

An ionic bond.

What weak attraction occurs between slightly charged regions of polar molecules?

A hydrogen bond.

What kind of bond holds the hydrogen and oxygen atoms together within a single water molecule?

Covalent bonds.

What type of bond forms between separate water molecules?

Hydrogen bonds.

The compound NaCl is held together by which type of bond?

An ionic bond.

Bonds that form between polar molecules are typically what type?

Hydrogen bonds.

How many valence electrons does a chlorine atom possess?

Seven valence electrons.

Relative to other elements, how would you describe chlorine’s electronegativity?

It is very high (chlorine is highly electronegative).

Is chlorine more likely to gain or lose an electron, and what ion does it form?

It tends to gain an electron and form an anion.

How many valence electrons does a sodium atom have?

One valence electron.

Is sodium more likely to gain or lose its valence electron, and what ion results?

Sodium is likely to lose its electron and form a cation.

How many valence electrons does carbon possess?

Four valence electrons.

Which type of bond is carbon most likely to form in compounds?

Covalent bonds (by sharing electrons).

In a single covalent bond, how many electrons are shared between two atoms?

Two electrons (one pair).

In a double covalent bond, how many electrons are shared between two atoms?

Four electrons (two pairs).

What kind of bond holds the atoms together in CO₂ (carbon dioxide)?

Double covalent bonds.

Among the bond types listed (single covalent, double covalent, ionic, hydrogen), which is the strongest?

The double covalent bond.

What bond holds the two hydrogen atoms together in an H₂ molecule?

A single covalent bond.

What term describes the electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged ions?

An ionic bond.

Ionic bonds arrange ions in a solid repeating pattern known as what?

A crystal lattice.

What term describes water molecules sticking to other water molecules?

Cohesion.

Name two consequences of water’s cohesion.

High surface tension and water remaining liquid at room temperature (other effects include high specific heat and high heat of vaporization).

What term describes water molecules sticking to other kinds of substances?

Adhesion.

Which property—cohesion or adhesion—is demonstrated when a paper towel absorbs water?

Adhesion.

When water dissolves table salt (NaCl), which property of water is mainly responsible—cohesion or adhesion?

Adhesion (interaction with other polar/ionic substances).