Carbohydrates

Based on bio chemistry lecture 2

What part do carbohydrates play?

- #1 energy source from plant based foods to humans

-structual elements in plant and fungal cell walls

- exoskeleton of arthropodae

What does reaction between carbohydrate and strong dehydrating agent create?

Pure carbon

What is the minimum amount of carbonhydrate molecules according to carbonhydrate definition

4

What organisims form carbonhydrates?

Photo-organisims

In what sort of structure sugars are in nature?

Ring structure (cyclic)

In what kind of projections individual sugars can be viewed?

Fischer projection and Hawarath projection

what is the prefix depending on the amount of sugar?

1 = mono

2 = Di

3-10 = oligo

> 10 = poly

What is the suffix of sugar?

-ose

what does it mean, if sugar is aldose?

The top carbon has C=O bond

What does it mean if sugar is ketose?

The second from the top carbon has C=O bond

What formula is used to know the maximum amount of stereoisomers?

2^n (n = The amount of asymmetric centers)

when does 2^n isomer rule not apply?

when you can flip stereoisomer in 2D and get another Isomer

How does sugar from Fischer structure create ring structure?

By giving O-H electrons to C-O carbon thus creating O-C-O^- bond

Which anomer is more likely to be formed alpha or beta?

Beta

what kind of ring structure most sugars prefer?

5 and 6 membered O-heterocyclic

What is glycoside?

A compound which contains sugar and non-sugar

How sugars are connected?

By C-O-C bond

Are most sugars in nature D or L?

D

What does it mean that sugar is D or L?

D = the first OH looked from the bottom is on the right side

L = the first OH looked from the bottom is on the left side

Where in the strutcture new carbohydrates get added?

Between the top and second to the top carbons

Where do groups on the left side on fischer projection go on the hawarath projection?

On the top

What is Glycogen?

Highly branched glucose

What is Cellulose?

Linear poly-glucose

What is Chitin?

Linear Polysaccharide consisting of N-acetylglucoseamine units

When two sugar connect to each other, what is released?

H2O molecule

What is glycoprotein?

Sacharides connected by anomeric center to serine/theonine or aspargine/glutamine

What is peptidoglycan?

Polysaccharide containing N-acetylglucoseamine and N-acetylmuramic with alternating pattern

What does starch consist of?

Amylose and amyloceptin