Biology Unit 1: Biomolecules

electronegativity

atoms ability to attract electrons

atom vs ion vs molecule

atom: smallest unit of an element, ion: charged atom or molecule, molecule: two or more atoms bonded together

cohesion vs adhesion

Cohesion: Water is attracted to water, and Adhesion: Water is attracted to other substances

polar vs nonpolar

polar covalent bonds involve partially positive and negative ends due to unequal sharing of electrons, and nonpolar covalent bonds have equal or nearly equal distributions of electrons, allowing for a neutral molecule

polymer vs monomer

polymers are formed from multiple monomers connected together - monomer is a single subunit of a macromolecule - ex.glucose, while polymer is a large molecule formed from repeating subunits

functional group

a group of atoms in a molecule with distinctive chemical properties, regardless of the other atoms in the molecule

dehydration synthesis

aka polymerization - building polymers

removing H20 (water) molecules to attach molecules

hydrolysis

aka depoylmerization - breaking polymers apart

adding. H20 molecules to break bonds

macromolecules

biomolecules are an example

made by polymerization - making large molocules from smaller molocules

carbohydrates - what is it? polar v nonpolar? elements inside + ratio? monomer and polymer examples? functions?

• sugars - starch, cellulose

• CHO - 1:2:1

• usually polar

• monomer: monosaccharides (glucose)

• polymers: disaccharides (sucrose), polysaccharides (starch, glycogen - long term storage - cellulose)

• functions: store short term energy, structural support such as cell walls in plants

protein - what is it? polar v nonpolar? elements inside + ratio? monomer and polymer examples? functions?

• meats, eggs, beans, nuts

• made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

• monomers: amino acid

• polymers: polypeptide

• functions: muscles, hormones, immune system, transport, enzymes, storage, structural, receptors (signaling + communication)

lipids - what is it? polar v nonpolar? elements inside + ratio? monomer and polymer examples? functions?

• wax, oil, fats

• carbon, hydrogen, oxygen - mostly C+O

• monomers: fatty acids and glycerol

• polymers: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

• functions: store energy (long term), insulation, organ cushioning, makeup cell membranes, waterproofing

nucleic acids - what is it? polar v nonpolar? elements inside + ratio? monomer and polymer examples? functions?

• rna and dna

• carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

• monomer:  nucleotides (a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen containing base)

• polymer: dna, rna

• function: store + transmit genetic information

these are examples of?

monosaccharides

these are examples of?

disaccharides

examples of?

polysaccharides

why does shape matter in biomolecules?

determines function

primary structure of protein

• amino group, side chain (R ), carboxyl group

amino acids

building blocks for proteins

what is this

polypeptide - long chain of amino acids, help to create proteins

peptide bond

covalent bonds of amino acids to create proteins

nucleotide

a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen containing base

unsaturated vs saturated fats

UNSATURATED: fatty acids contain 1 or more double bonds between C atoms (liquid at room temp, plant based oil) -BENT FIGURE

SATURATED: fatty acids have only single covalent bonds between C atoms (solid at room temp, animal based oils) - STRAIGHT FIGURE

cis vs trans bonds

cis - on same side, trans - on opposite sides

trans fat

maufactured fats

positive control vs negative control

positive control: contains what material is being tested for, negative control: does not contain what material is being tested for

glucose - monosaccharide - C6H1206

how are hydrogen bonds different than other bonds?

• weak bond formed between a (partial) positively charged hydrogen atom and other (partial or full) negatively charged atoms

six main elements that make up all living things?

CHNOPS

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur

hydroxyl group

carboyxl group

carbonyl group

phosphate group

amine group

how do functional groups affect the structure and behavior of organic molecules?

physical properties (polarity, solubility, and boiling point) and chemical reactivity (acidity, basicity, and the types of reactions)

why is carbon so versatile?

• carbon has four valence electrons so it can make four bonds

• carbon skeletons - “backbone” 

• bond with it self as well as HNO

what is this

hydrolysis

what is this

dehydration synthesis

what part does water play in reactions?

when water is added in a reaction, one molecule gains OH and one gains H, and the bond is broken

when water is removed in a reaction, one molecule loses OH and one loses H, and a bond is made

amino acids

chart of each macromolecule