Cedric Lee - APUSH Chapter 21 Notes

If the Key-term is a battle: The first word is who won

First Battle of Bull Run

Confederates 1861 First battle of civil war 30 miles SW Washington; dispelled illusions of a short war (take Richmond and end war early) Yankee recruits swaggered out of Washington toward bull run, at first they were good but Stonewall Jackson's warriors stayed as stone and reinforcements showed up. Inflated dangerous overconfidence

"Yankees"

Term used by Southerners to describe the North

"Stonewall" Jackson (C)

Confederate general who won the First battle of Bull Run; killed by friendly fire at the Battle of Chancellorsville

General George McClellan (U)

Union General given command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861 Extremely cautious but superb organizer Tried to take Richmond in 1862 during the Peninsula Campaign but was pushed back and demoted Reinstated for Battle of Antietam and finally retired after failing to pursue Lee

Army of the Potomac

Union General McClellan led this army Main army of the Union near Washington with 100k men

Peninsula Campaign

Confederate Richmond sat on the James and York River 1862; Union advances towards Richmond under General McClellan (cautious) Allows Confederate reinforcements to push him back to sea; 20k Confederate casualties, 10k Union casualties

"Jeb" Stuart (C)

He led Confederate cavalry on reconnaissance around McClellan's Army of the Potomac in 1862. Fought at the Battle of Bull Run, Fredericksburg, and commanded the army at Chancellorsville

General Robert E. Lee

Commander of the Confederate Army Won the Peninsula campaign (Seven Days' Battles)

Seven Days' Battles

Confederate Series of confederate counter attacks that drove the Army of the Potomac (Union) back to the ocean; cost confederacy 20 k in men

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Components of Union's "total war"

1. naval blockade of Southern ports

2. liberate slaves and undermine economic foundation of old south

3. seize control Mississippi (cutting Confederacy in half)

4. chop Confederacy in pieces; send troops through Georgia and Carolinas

5. capture Richmond (capital of Confederacy)

6. engage enemy's main strength and grind it into submission

Union blockade

At first this "Anaconda Plan" was leaky and was part of Union's total war Blocked principle Confederate ports from receiving supplies Was respected by Britain and other nations and Britain wanted Lincoln to maintain the high blockading standards.

Nassau, Bahamas

This was a West Indies port (1/2 way) that became a leading rendezvous for blockade runners

"Ultimate destination"

idea that contraband goods were ultimately destined for the Confederacy

Merrimack/Virginia

This was an old wooden U.S. ship that was reconditioned as a Confederate ironclad ship and destroyed 2 Union wooden ships Battled the Monitor in 1862 to a standstill Destroyed months later to prevent it from the possession of advancing Union troops

Monitor

"Yankee cheesebox on a raft" Union Ironclad that fought the Merrimack to a standstill

Second Battle of Bull Run

Confederate (1862) a Civil War battle in which the Confederate army forced most of the Union army under General Pope out of Virginia

General John Pope

Union general (boasted his Western victories) at 2nd Battle of Bull Run (defeated) Replaced by McClellan

Battle at Antietam Creek

Draw Lee thrust into Maryland after the Second Battle of Bull Run, hoping to get the border states into the Confederacy. Lincoln restored McClellan as commander. Union soldiers discovered a copy of Lee's battle plans, and McClellan succeeded in halting Lee at this battle. It was militarily a draw, but it was very decisive. The British and French were planning to help the Confederacy, but the North's display of power in this battle stopped them. It also served as basis for Lincoln to finally launch the Emancipation Proclamation.

Border states

Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, and West Virginia Were safely in the Union by midsummer of 1862

Thirteenth Amendment

1865 - Freed all slaves, abolished slavery Foreshadowed by Emancipation Proclamation

"Butternut" region

area that included the Old northwest and the Border States that felt Lincoln had gone too far with the Emancipation Proclamation ****Sentiment includes ex-president Pierce

Congressional Elections of 1862

These elections went heavily against the administration, especially in New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio Democrats gained strength overall

War Department

Responsible for the Union military Refused to accept free Northern blacks who tried to volunteer Right after EP, black enlistees were accepted

Black enlistments in North

180k blacks served in Union army after EP; mostly from slave states; accounted for 10% total enlistments Includes two Massachusetts regime raised by Frederick Douglass

General A.E. Burnside

Replaced McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac after Antietam. He was unfit for this job and launched the rash Battle of Fredericksburg, a major Northern loss. He then yielded his command to Joe Hooker.

Battle of Fredericksburg

Virginia 1862, a huge loss for the North as General A.E. Burnside launched a rash attack. More than 10 thousand Northern soldiers were killed and it became known as the "burnside slaughter pen".

"Fighting Joe" Hooker

Burnside's replacement, an aggressive officer but headstrong and also unfit for the job. At Chancellorsville, Virginia, he was badly beaten, but not crushed, by Robert E. Lee's brilliant plan.

Battle of Chancellorsville

Led by General Joseph Hooker, it was another loss for the North. Lee decided to divided his forces and send "stonewall" Jackson to attack the union flank. Jackson would be mistakenly shot my his own men and die later. As for Hooker, he was badly beaten, but not crushed, by Robert E. Lee's brilliant plan. Win for the south/confederates.

General George G. Meade

Union general who replaced Hooker three days before the Battle of Gettysburg, and led the battle.

Battle of Gettysburg

North/union won; Meade(union) 1863, this three day battle was the bloodiest of the entire Civil War, ended in a Union victory, and is considered the turning point of the war. General George Meade led this battle as his 92 thousand Northern soldiers fought against Lee's 76 thousand Southern soldiers.(lasted for 3 days). Pickett's charge was considered the high tide of the confederacy/the last real chance for Confederate victory.

General George Pickett's Charge

Failed Confederate charge during the Battle of Gettysburg; "hightide of the Confederacy"; marked the northernmost point of Southern troops ever reached and was the last real chance of a Confederate victory.

Gettysburg Address

(1863) a 2 minute speech given by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War; supported the ideals of self-government and human rights. Some characterized it as silly/ludicrous.

General Ulysses S. Grant

His military experience and his bold, resourceful, tenacious personality enabled him to succeed. His first success came in the northern Tennessee theater. After heavy fighting, he captured fort Henry and fort Donelson on the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers in Feb 1862. When the confederate general asked for terms, he demanded "an unconditional/immediate surrender".

Fort Henry and Fort Donelson

(Feb 1862) Located in Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers. Key victory for Union General Ulysses S. Grant, it secured the North's hold on Kentucky and paved the way for Grant's attacks deeper into Tennessee as it opened the gateways to strategically important regions of Tennessee.

Battle at Shiloh

North won(grant's troops) Grant desired to exploit the his victory in his capturing of fort Henry and Donelson by capturing the junction of the main Confederate north-south and east-west railroads in the Mississippi Valley at Corinth Mississippi. Confederate forces surprised union troops just over the border of Tennessee from Corinth on April 6-7 1862. Confederates drove back Grant's forces across the Tennessee river; union got backup and won the battle but it was one of the most bloody battles in the civil war. Proved that there is no quick end to the war in the west.

Admiral David G. Farragut

Union flotilla commander who seized New Orleans in 1862 with a Northern Army;

Seizing of New Orleans

Northern troops and ships under Admiral Farragut seized it in spring of 1862; opened the "backdoor" to the Confederacy

Battle of Vicksburg

Union Won Using the passage acquired from New Orleans(backdoor of confederacy), that area was between "Term", Mississippi, and Port Hudson, Louisiana, which was a vital western source of supplies for the confederacy. The fortress of "Term" protected it. General Grant launched an attack and the siege of “term” turned out to be his best-fought campaign. The city surrendered on July 1863 and much of its forces were depleted. 5 days later, it would be the fall of Port Hudson, the last southern defense for the Mississippi. Result --> Union gained the Mississippi

Port Hudson

During the battle of Vicksburg, 5 days after the siege of Vicksburg city, this last Southern bastion on the Mississippi fell. As a result gave the union control of the Mississippi.

Chattanooga

Area where Union forces were driven back to in eastern Tennessee. Confederates laid siege to them but General Grant eventually liberated the city, opening up Georgia for an invasion. Grant was rewarded by being made General in chief.

Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain

1863; Grant won both of these desperate engagements in Chattanooga, Tennessee, as Chattanooga city was under siege by the confederacy.

General William Tecumseh Sherman

Union general known for his devastating March to the Sea. In 1864, heavily relied on by Lincoln. Captured Atlanta and basically destroyed the South. In Sherman's March he took 300-mile march to the sea from Atlanta, destroying everything in his path and freeing slaves. Also ravaged SC. The South was not pleased.

Sherman's March

(1864-1865) Union General William Tecmseh Sherman's destructive March through Georgia. An early instance of "Total war", purposely targeting buildings and civilian property to diminish moral and undercut the confederate war effort.

Sherman's "bummers"

The discipline of Sherman's army sometimes broke down as they went overboard in their pillaging.

Salmon Chase

Ambitious secretary of the treasury who wanted to remove Lincoln from office. One of the many who distrusted and doubted Lincoln's ability and commitment to abolition.

Congressional Committee on the Conduct of War

Established by Congress in 1861, it was dominated by radical republicans who resented the expansion of presidential power in wartime and pressed Lincoln on emancipation. Made to oversee military affairs.

"Radical" Republicans

Those who dominated the "Congressional Committee on the Conduct of War", and resented the expansion of presidential power in wartime and pressed Lincoln on emancipation.

"War Democrats"

Sub-division of the fractured democratic party. Consisting of a large portion, they patriotically supported the Lincoln administration.

"Peace Democrats"

Sub-division of the fractured democratic party. Tens of thousands who did not support the Lincoln Administration.

Copperheads

Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and sympathized with the South. They openly got in the way of the war through open attacks against the draft, Lincoln, and emancipation. Commanded political strength in southern parts of Ohio, Indiana, & Illinois.

Clement L. Vallandigham

The most prominent Copperhead/congressman of Ohio who used is oratorical skills to stir up trouble and demand an end to the war. He was convicted for treasonable utterance and was sentenced to prison. Lincoln thought it was better idea for him to be exiled to the Confederacy.

The Man Without a Country

Written by Everett Hale, inspired by the turn of events for Vallandigham. It was immensely popular in the North and helped to stimulate devotion to the union. Main character of the book was "Philip Nolan".

Election of 1864

Peace & War Democrats/Copperheads(General McClellan), Radical Republicans, & Union Party(Lincoln). They each political party offered a diff. point of view on how the war should be run & what should be done to the Confederate states after the war; Union Party joined w/ Lincoln, who won the election on the recent northern victories against the South; decided that the Confederacy would lose & that slavery was dead. 212(Lincoln) electoral votes to 21(McClellan) Lincoln Wins

Union Party

A group created by the temporary alliance of republicans and War Democrats that backed Lincoln's re-election in 1864.

Republican Party

Took a temporary absence during the creation of the Union Party.

Andrew Johnson

Loyal war democrat from Tennessee, who had been a small slave owner when the conflict started. He was Lincoln's running mate and was chosen by the Union Party in order to attract war democrats and the voters of the border states. Would later become the 17th president of U.S.

Wilderness Campaign

A series of brutal clashes between Ulysses S. Grant's and Robert E. Lee's armies in Virginia, leading up to Grant's capture of Richmond in April of 1865. Having lost Richmond, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse.

Battle of Cold Harbor

The final battle of the Union between Grant and Lee 1864 Overland Campaign, fought on June 3, 1864. Grant ordered a frontal attack onto THIS AREA, and in a few minutes, ~7000 men were killed/wounded. It was shown that Lee had 1 casualty for every 5 soldiers and Grant had 1 casualty for every 10 soldiers. Lee later switched to a war of attrition and fought in the trenches(stayed on the defensive and lasted a while).

Hampton Roads negotiations

February 1865; Confederates desperately tried to negotiate peace between the "two countries" aboard a union ship; Lincoln could accept nothing short of Union and emancipation and the Confederates could accept nothing short of independence.

Appomattox Courthouse

Rapidly advancing Northern troops captured Richmond, and managed to corner Lee at this Virginia town. It would also be where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War.

Ford's Theater

Site of Lincoln's assassination by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865. Located in Washington. Lincoln was shot in the head and died the following morning.

John Wilkes Booth

An American stage actor of the Ford's Theater who, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

Reconstruction

The period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union. It was also Lincoln's murder that set the stage for this. Lincoln possessed in full measure tact, sweet reasonableness, and common sense, which Andrew Johnson lacked all of these qualities.

Reform Bill of 1867

Passed 2 years after the Civil War, it granted suffrage to all male British citizens, dramatically expanding the electorate. The success of the American democratic experiment, reinforced by the Union victory in the Civil War, was used as one of the arguments in favor of the Bill. Britain became a true political democracy.