BIO EXAM 2

What is the correct species name of humans?

Homo sapiens

A phylogeny contains fish, lizards, salamanders, and lampreys. Fish, lizards, and salamanders all contain jaws. Lampreys do not have jaws. 'Jaws' are considered a:

shared derived character

A virion (single virus particle) typically consist of which three components?

capsid, nucleic acid core, envelope

Which of the following is NOT one of the competing hypotheses for how viruses evolved?

Tranposable exobiosis: Transposable elements gained an envelope protein from their host bacteria which allowed them to persist outside the cell

Which is NOT a potential strategy to combat a human virus such as SARS CoV-2?

phage therapy

Which is NOT true of Gram negative bacteria

turn purple when stained because more stain sticks in their thick cell wall

Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus. (t/f)

True

An organism that can survive and grow at high temperatures (80-120c) are ___ and are classified

extremophiles/archaea

During travel to central Africa, you contracted an infection with symptoms of fever, weakness, and lethargy, along w blood sample and finds parasitic protozoa. You are most likely infected with organisms belonging to which clade?

Excavata (e.g., Trypanosoma)

Which Eukaryote clade contains red algae, green algae, and all land plants?

Archaeplastida

Prokaryote

no nucleus, no organelles, cells 1 um diameter, cell division by binary fission, flagella that spin

Eukaryote

flagella that wave side to side, chromosomes organized by histones, mitosis, meiosis, nucleus, mitochondria, cytoskeleton

What is the correct level of taxonomic classification for Protists?

None of these. Protist is an informal designation.

Endosymbiotic theory accounts for the origin of which component of a eukaryotic cell?

mitochondria

Which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacterium?

chloroplast

fungi usually ____ their food

absorb

An unknown organism can be excluded from classification as a fungus if it

has chlorophyll and cell walls made of cellulose

Mycorrhizal fungi growing in association with plant roots and providing more water and/or nutrient uptake

mutualistic

Without fungi, human civilization would not have

All of the above (Wine, beer, bread, penicillin)

The nonvascular plant clades (including moss) require liquid water for fertilization during sexual reproduction

flagellated sperm must swim to fertilize the egg.

What characteristic do plants, algae, and some bacteria have in common that is not shared with fungi or animals?

They are photosynthetic

The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably

green algae

In land plants (and some algae), the sporophyte and gametophyte exhibit different levels of ploidy: Sporol

diploid, haploid

Which is the most recent plant adaptation to have evolved?

flowers

What is a fruit?

a mature ovary

are not classified as a gymnosperms.

flowering plants

Parts of a flower

A: petal

F: stigma

C: anther

K: carpel

G: style

B:stamen

The last common ancestor of fungi and animals was most likely a

single celled eukaryote

All animals have true tissues. (t/f)

false

What defines radial symmetry?

Any plane of symmetry passing through the center of the organism splits it into equal halves.

What happened during the Cambrian explosion?

Most living phyla of animals rapidly appear in the fossil record.

How many of the animal phyla include unicellular animals?

0

What do fungi and arthropods have in common?

Both groups use polysaccharide chitin for support.

Which of the following is NOT a key advantage provided by the exoskeleton of terrestrial arthropods

it grows with the arthropod throughout its life

Myriapods provide first fossil evidence of animals on land. Myriapods belong to which phylum?

Arthropoda

Animals (such as butterflies or beetles) that undergo radical changes between larval and adult stages are

Holometabolous

The echinoderms are most closely related to the

Chordates

Which of the following is found in all major groups of vertebrates?

skull

The earliest known mineralized (bony) structures in vertebrates are associated with

feeding

Jawless fishes (cyclostomes) include:

hagfish and lamprey

Which statement about the amphibians is FALSE?

They lay yolky eggs with a protective shell.

Which is NOT a member of the amniote clade?

apoda (legless amphibians called caecilians)

Which of the following is a reason that it is important to understand the causative organism of a disease?

antibiotics are an ineffective therapy for viral infections

viruses

chicken pox, influenza, aids, covid-19, ebola

Bacteria

strep throat, e coli, cholera, bubonic plague, tuberculosis, salmonella, lyme disease, typoid fever

protist

chagas disease, trichomoniasis, giardia , malaria

Animnal

dog heart worm, tapeworm

rank order(domain, kingdom, gensus..)

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, gensus, species

What is the spillover effect?

when a virus evolves to infect a new species

Whats a primary goal anocated with bioremedation

to clean up areas polluted with

Domain

The biggest classification level, encompassing billions of organisms.

Species

The smallest classification level, representing one kind of organism.

Example of Human Classification

Eukarya → Animalia → Chordata → Mammalia → Primates → Hominidae → Homo sapiens

Memory trick for classification

Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup

Viruses

Viruses are not cells and not alive on their own; they must invade a host cell to reproduce.

Composition of Viruses

Made of DNA or RNA + protein coat.

Spillover Event

When a virus evolves to infect a new species, e.g., bat virus → human virus.

Vaccines

Help prevent infection by viruses.

Antiviral drugs

Slow virus copying.

Phage therapy

Does NOT work on viruses because phages only kill bacteria.

Regressive theory of virus origin

Viruses used to be bigger life forms, then lost parts.

Progressive theory of virus origin

Viruses started as pieces of DNA that escaped cells.

Virus-first theory

Viruses existed before any cells did.

Bacteria

Prokaryotic organisms with loose DNA inside the cell, can be helpful or harmful.

Gram Stain

A method to determine the type of cell wall a bacteria has.

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Stain purple, have a thick cell wall, easier to kill with antibiotics.

Gram-Negative Bacteria

Stain pink, have an extra outer layer, harder to treat.

Superbugs

Bacteria that antibiotics no longer kill because they evolved resistance.

Prokaryotes

Bacteria that lack a nucleus and organelles, reproduce via binary fission.

Eukaryotes

Organisms like plants, animals, fungi, and protists that have a nucleus and organelles.

Protists

Eukaryotes that are NOT plants, animals, or fungi; they are a mixed group.

Important Protist Diseases

Malaria, Giardia, Chagas Disease, Trichomoniasis.

Endosymbiotic Theory

Eukaryotic cells formed when one cell swallowed another, leading to mutual living.

Slime Molds

Protists that can resemble fungi; include plasmodial and cellular slime molds.

Fungi

Eukaryotic organisms with chitin cell walls that absorb food from the environment.

Fungi Sexual Cycle

Includes plasmogamy, karyogamy, and meiosis to produce spores.

Plant Evolution Order

Mosses → Ferns → Gymnosperms → Angiosperms.

Animal Evolution & Body Plans

All animals are multicellular and eukaryotic; body cavities form in the mesoderm layer.

Symmetry in Animals

Radial symmetry can be cut evenly many ways; bilateral symmetry has one cut for equal halves.

Chordates

All chordates have a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail.

Mammals

Divided into monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians based on reproductive traits.

What is a primary goal associated with bioremediation?

to clean up areas polluted with toxic compounds by using bacteria

Which of the following is correctly described as a primary producer

diatom

green algae differ from land plants in that some green algae

are unicellular

Which clade best fits this description? Phytoplankton with silica (glass) shells that are mined from fossilized sediments for use as abrasives and other purposes. These algae also make a significant contribution to oxygen production.

diatoms

According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?

alpha-proteobacteria

Endosymbiotic theory accounts for the origin of which component of a eukaryotic cell?

mitochondria

Many multicellular fungi form super-organisms through __ followed by __

plasmogamy/karyogamy

Which of these is not a common fungal pathogen of plants?

ringworm

To which group does the fungus responsible for global amphibian declines belong?

chytridomycota

As you stroll through a moist forest you are most likely to see a

gametophyte of a moss

The tall ferns that we typically see in the tropics and temperate woodlands are the

sporophytes

A trend seen throughout the evolution of the land plants is for the sporophyte generation to become __ and more independent for the gametophyte and the gametophyte generation to become ___ and more dependent

increased, reduced

Not all plants have seeds. What advantage do seeds provide a plant?

Plants with seeds are not dependent on water for reproduction

Which land plant clade has the greatest number of species?

angiosperms

Pollination happens when male gametophyte is transferred to a female gametophyte. (If all goes well, fertilization will follow this step, resulting in a new sporophyte generation.) Pollen can be transferred from a male strobilus to a female strobilus, or from a male flower (or flower part) to a female flower (or flower part). Pollination is part of the life cycle in

gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Which of the following is NOT a feature common to most animals?

asexual reproduction

Which is a shared derived character of animals belonging to the bilaterian clade?

three embryonic germ layers

The body cavity of coelomate animals develops within the

mesoderm

All animals have true tissues.

False