Studied by 4 people
Culture
the shared experience, traits, and activities of a group of people who have a common heritage
Cultural synthesis (syncretism)
the blending together of two or more cultural influences
Modern and contemporary architecture
when new buildings are constructed using innovative designs
Christian
traditional houses of worship tend to have a central steeple or two high bell towers in the front of the building
Hindu
temples and shrines tend to have a rectangular-shaped main body and feature one or more short towers of carved stone
Buddhist
temples and shrines vary depending on which Buddhist tradition is followed in the region
Islamic
mosques can take a variety of forms, though many have central domes
Judaic
there is not a common architectural design style to synagogues.
Monolingual
knowing one language only
Pidgin
simplified forms of the language that use key vocabulary words and limited grammar
lingua franca
A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
Folk music
music that is original to a specific culture
Fusion cuisine
when more than one global tradition is incorporated in dishes
Universalizing religions
accept followers from all ethnicities worldwide
Ethnic religions
confined to members of a specific culture group
Syncretic religions
synthesize the core beliefs from two or more other religions
Polytheistic
believing in more than one spiritual god
Brahmans
Kshatriyas
Vaishyas
Shudras
Dalits
Theocracies
religious leaders hold the senior positions of governance
Secular
not directly governed in a religious manner and, instead, often utilize French or British legal tradition and government structure
Nation
a population represented by a singular culture or a culture group
Ethnicity
a complex mix of genetic heritage and political allegiance
State
a population represented by a single government
Cultural identity
how people are identified and how they identify themselves
Indigenous population
the people who originally settled in an area
Environmental determinism
a culture’s traits are defined by the physical geography of its native hearth or culture region
Possibilism
concept proposed by Sauer that stated cultures were to a partial degree shaped by their environment and the material resources available to them
Cultural relativism
an individual’s beliefs and activities can only be understood in the context of that person’s culture
Ethnocentrism
the belief in the superiority of one’s nation or ethnic group, and in the inferiority of other nations or ethnic groups
Internal identity
used by individuals to express their cultural heritage, ethnicity, or place of origin to people who share their heritage or place of origin
External identity
used by individuals to express their cultural heritage, ethnicity, or place of origin to people who do not share a common cultural or geographic background
Culture regions
an area of bounded space with a homogeneous characteristic that can be one or more components of culture
Border states
where one part of the state is decidedly Southern and another part seems more Northeastern
Culture hearth
the idea that every culture has a localized area where it originated or has its main population center
Ancient culture hearths
developed ideas and technologies that still exist today
Sequent occupance
different dominant cultures replace each other over time
Acculturation
the process of adapting to a new culture while still keeping some of one’s original culture
Assimilation
a complete change in the identity of a minority culture group as it becomes part of the majority culture group
Cultural survival
used to describe the efforts to research, understand, and promote the protection of indigenous cultures
Cultural globalization
a number of influences such as literature, music, motion pictures, the Internet, and satellite and cable television, mainly from English-language sources, combined to diminish and potentially eliminate the media and culture of other linguistic groups
Ethnic cleansing
where people of one ethnic group are eliminated by another, often under threat of violence or death
Genocide
a large-scale systematic killing of people of one ethnic group
Material culture
the material manifestation of culture, including tools, housing, systems of land use, clothing, etc.
Nonmaterial culture
beliefs, traditions, celebration, thoughts, values and ideas of a group
Taboo
something that is forbidden by a culture or a religion, sometimes so forbidden its not even discussed
Cultural landscapes
the forms of superimposed on the physical environment by the activities of humans.
Indigenous community
the community of indigenous people living together working to keep their culture alive
Sense of place
a strong feeling of identity that is deeply felt by inhabitants and visitors of a location
Language
A set of mutually intelligible sounds and symbols that are used for communication
Religion
the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods
Relocation diffusion
a form of diffusion where the ideas being diffused are transmitted by their carriers as they migrate to new areas
Expansion diffusion
the spread of an idea through a population in a way that the number of those influenced becomes continuously larger. Includes contagious, hierarchical, and stimulus diffusion.
Contagious
Transmission of a phenomenon through close contact with nearby places, like diseases.
Hierarchical
an idea spreads by passing first among the most connected individuals, then spreading to other individuals.
Reverse hierarchical
diffusion up a hierarchy, such as from a little city to a big one.
Stimulus
the spreading of an underlying principle of an idea when the idea as a whole cannot spread to a particular culture.
Creolized language
a language that began as a combination of two other languages and is spoken as the primary language of a group of people.
Colonialism
an effort by one country to establish settlement in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on that territory.
Imperialism
the policy of extending a country’s influence through political or military force to areas already developed by indigenous people.
Time-Space convergence
the decline in travel time between geographical locations as a result of transport, communication, and related technological and social innovations.
Cultural convergence
different cultures acquire common ideas, products, and traits, becoming more similar.
Cultural divergence
different parts of a cultural region are exposed to different influences and become dissimilar.
Dialect
different forms of the same language used by groups that have some different vocab and pronunciations
Language extinction
a language that is no longer spoken by anyone as their native language
Language family
a collection of languages that are all descended from an original, proto-language Indo-European family
Nomadic Warrior Theory
language diffused through nomadic movement/conquest (hierarchical diffusion)
Sedentary Farmer Theory
language diffused by farmers relocating (relocation diffusion)
Multiculturalism
when various ethnic groups coexist with one another without having to sacrifice their particular identities.
