STS - Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology M1

M1 STS

SCIENCE

is(knowledge from) the careful study of the structure and behavior of the physical world, especially by watching, measuring, and doing experiments, and the development of theories to describe the results of these activities

TECHNOLOGY

is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry. It is a scientific or industrial process, invention, method, or the like.

TECHNOLOGY greek origin

Greek from tekhnē (art or craft) and -logia (study or knowledge).

ANTECEDENT

a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another

Wheel

The wheel was used not for transportation but as potter’s wheel and existed around 3500 BC.

Chariot

It was originally based on two wheels which were attached with an animal like a horse using wood and ropes

Cuneiform

The Sumerians developed the first form of writing called “cuneiform” to maintain business records.

Aeolipile or steam engine

Hero of Alexandria as he was often known, was a Greek born in 10AD in Alexandria, part of Egypt, invented the Aeolipile or steam engine. It was used to automate opening of temple doors by lighting a fire on the altar.

Papyrus Sheets

Papyrus sheets are the earliest paper-like material

Ox-drawn Plough

Using the power of oxen to pull the plough revolutionized agriculture.

Great Wall

This is one of the seven famous wonders of the world, representing a series of fortifications made initially of stone, earth and later of bricks. It was erected in 221 BC with the goal of protecting the northern borders of the country from different nomadic groups that invaded the Chinese Empire

Compass

Originally, it was used in fortune-telling and architecture until the Chinese figured out it could be used for traveling

Seismograph

Each of the dragons was facing downwards and had a small ball in its mouth. In the case of an earthquake, the dragon facing the closest direction would open its mouth releasing the ball into the mouth of small bronze frog underneath.

Paper

Although the discovery of paper is linked to 105 AD, recent archaeological discoveries suggest that it already existed in Ancient China from around 100 BC. Back then, the paper was made from mulberry tree bark but the creator later included hemp and fishnets to strengthen it.

Gunpowder

_ was invented in the Tang dynasty in the ninth century by alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality. _ is a mixture of charcoal, saltpeter and sulfur

Greeks’ interest in field of science

can be seen as far back as the sixth century BC, and they have often been hailed as the fathers of science, medicine, zoology, and many other areas.

a greek philosopher constructed his own version of an alarm clock with vessels much ahead of Ctesibius.

Plato

one of the first cartographers and invented the gnomon(device that casts a shadow) on the sundial

Anaximander of Miletus

discovered the solstice and equinox

Thales of Miletus

Greek Fathers

Their findings in the areas of astronomy, geography, and mathematics made them pioneers in the field of science.

Mechanical Clock

the first chinese mechanical clock was made by yi xing which worked by dripping water that activated a wheel

Mummification

when a pharoah dies, his ka would move to another realm so you will need to mummify the human body to prevent it from decaying

Sunclock (sundial)

made in 3500 BC by the egyptians. it made it possible to differentiate between morning, afternoon and night.

Ink

The black ink was the often used one for writing in hieroglyphs. This ink was very black like carbon black and could not deteriorate when been applied over the papyrus to write.

Mesopotamia

mesopotamia is today’s iraq (and syria and turkey). located in eastern mediterranean.

north east of mesopotamia is zagros mountains.

south east is arabian plateau.

Aristotle (of Stagira)

__ decided the Earth must be a globe. The concept of a sphere for the Earth appears in Plato's Phaedo, but _ elaborates and estimates the size

SCIENTISTS

(Natural Philosophers in the Ancient Time) formulate testable explanations and predictions based on their observations

Aristotle

classified animals and is the father of zoology.

Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria

founded ptolemaic system (earth is center). drew latitude and longitude maps and developed science of optics

MECHANICAL CLOCK

has minutes and seconds now, developed in the middle ages

PRINTING PRESS

johannes gutenberg in 15th century developed printing press

new era of books

EYEGLASSES

developed in latter years of 13th century

WATER AND WINDMILLS

• became popular in the early middle ages

• harness energy from natural forces like rivers and wind

spinning wheel

• created in india in 5th-10th century AD

• replaced earlier method of hand spinning

Nicholas Copernicus

Arts, Law, Medicine, Astronomy

he created the Heliocentric Universe (sun is center, now proven)

Leonardo daVinci

Siege Defenses, War Scythe, Multi-Barrel Gun, Ornithopter Tank, Helicopter, Airplane Wing

Galileo Galilei

Physics : Isochronous Motion Parabolic Motion Inertia (Newton)

• Thermometer

• Telescope: Moon, Jupiter, Saturn, Milky Way

BLACK DEATH

About 35% of the English population died due to the Black Death. The devastation was so severe that you might have found entire ghost towns in the English countryside where the whole town was killed by the plague.

BLACK DEATH

The mass disruption to medieval society caused by the plague set the progress of science and discovery back, and the knowledge would not reemerge until the Renaissance

Christian Huygens

Pendulum Clock, Regulating Spiral (1675) • Theory of Light

Isaac Newton

Principia (3 books)

• Modern Mechanics

• Celestial Mechanics

• Laws of the Universe

Johannes Gutenburg

• Moveable Type, Latin Bible

Industrial Revolution

• latter half of 18th century

• rural agrarian societies into indutrialized ones

Second Industrial Revolution

also referred to as the American Industrial Revolution. Started sometime between 1820 and 1870.

inventions of the industrial revolution

telephone, the sewing machine, X-ray, lightbulb, and the combustible engine.

consequence of the increased number of factories

The increase in the number of factories and migration to the cities led to pollution, deplorable working and living conditions, as well as child labor.

Steam Engine

• Developed in 1712

• Thomas Newcomen invents the first steam engine.

Spinning Jenny

• Developed in 1764

• Made by James Hargreaves

• Spins more than one ball of yarn at a time

Cotton Gin

• Developed in 1794

• Made by Eli Whitney

Telegraph

• Developed in 1844

• Made by Samuel Morse

• Allows messages to be sent quickly over a wire.

Sewing Machine, 1846

• Developed in 1846

• Made by Elias Howe

Safety Break, 1853

• Developed in 1853

• Made by Elisa Otis

• prevent them from falling if a cable breaks, making people feel more confident about using elevators in tall buildings.

Dynamite, 1866

• Developed in 1866

• Made by Alfred Nobel

Vaccine, 1870

• Developed in 1870

• Made by Louis Pasteur

Telephone, 1876

• Developed in 1876

• Made by Alexander Graham Bell

Light Bulb, 1879

• Developed in 1879

• Made by Thomas Edison

Rockets to Space

Robert Goddard ⬗ Liquid-Fueled (1929)

Werner vonBraun ⬗ V1, V2, V5, Saturn 5

Albert Einstein

● Special Theory (1905)

● General Theory

● Quantum Theory

● Big Bang Theory • Curved, Finite Space

● Atomic Bomb • Responsibility of Science

The Manhattan Project

• Oppenheimer

• Fermi, Berthe, Teller

• Four Sites

• Project Trinity ⬗ Los Alamos ⬗ Ground Zero - Alamagordo

• Fat Man & Little Boy

• Treason

The Computer Pioneers

• Charles Babbage

• Hollerith & Watson

• Enigma & Colossus

• John vonNeuman

• Ekert & Mockley

• Shockley, Bardeen &Brattain

• Jack Kilby

• Jobs & Wozniak

• Gates & Allen

Thomas A. Edison

“Invention is 1% Inspiration and 99% Perspiration”

First people to live in the Philippines

• modern man from asia came to live in batangas and palawan

• 48,000 BC

What were the settlements formed by the first people to live in the Philippines?

Subsequently they formed settlement in Sulu, Davao, Zamboanga, Samar, Negros, Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan and Cagayan.

The first tools in precolonial era

They made simple tools and weapons of stone flakes and later developed method of sawing and polishing stones around 40,000 B.C

Ornaments of precolonial era

By around 3,000 B.C. they were producing adzes, ornaments of seashells and pottery.

Pottery of the philippines in precolonial era

Pottery flourished for the next 2,000 years until they imported Chinese porcelain.

iron age of precolonial era

Soon they learned to produce copper, bronze, iron, and gold metal tools and ornaments.

IRON AGE

During _ Age, Filipinos were engaged in extraction, smelting and refining of iron from ores, until the importation of cast iron from Sarawak and later from China.

developments of agriculture and ironwork in precolonial era

• first century AD, improved agriculture and ironworks

development of sea vessels

• karakoa

• for trading purposes during peacetime and for raids

who traded with the filipinos in precolonial era?

• filipinos from butuan traded with champa (called vietnam today) and with ma-i (mindoro)

what did the filipinos trade?

The People of Ma-i and San-Hsu (group of Palawan and Calamian Islands) traded bee wax, cotton, pearls, coconut heart mats, tortoise shell and medicinal betel nuts, panie cloth for porcelain, lead fishnets sinker, colored glass beads, iron pots, iron needles and tin.

who did filipinos also trade with?

Filipinos also traded with Borneo, Malacca and parts of Malay peninsula

communties in precolonial era

By the time the Spaniards came, they found autonomous communities (barangay) .

precolonial era first wave technology

Filipinos were already engaged in activities and practices related to science forming primitive or first wave technology. They were curative values of some plant on how to extract medicine from herbs.

precolonial era philippines alphabet

They had an alphabet, a system of writing, a method of counting and weights and measure. They had no calendar but counted the years by the period of the moon and from one harvest to another.

artillery development in the philippines in precolonial era

• Filipinos had learned to make and use artillery.

what did the filipinos grow in precolonial era

They were growing rice, vegetables and cotton; raising swine, goats and fowls; weaving cloth and producing beeswax and honey

aesthetic/trends of clothes in philippines in precolonial era

They wore colorful clothes, made their own gold jewelry and even filled their teeth with gold

material of houses in precolonial era

Their houses were made of wood and bamboo

spanish era

The beginning of modern science and technology in the Philippines

what did the spaniards establish?

Spaniards established schools, hospitals and started scientific research, greatly shaped by the role of religious orders though

ust

highest institute of learning

laboratory municipal de ciudad de manila

built in in 1887

leon ma. guerrero

father of botany in the country and one the first licensed pharmacist

how did manila prosper in the spanish era

Manila prospered due to Galleon trade

• Only shipbuilding industry prospered. Shipbuilding was entirely in the hands of the natives.

what industries declined?

• Mining, handicrafts and other industries declined. • Manila was opened to Asian shipping in 1789, then eventually to world trade in 1829.

dates where manila shipped?

• asian shipping in 1789

• world trade in 1829

developments of production and imports in spanish era

• Production of sugar and hemp was accelerated and modernized.

• Imports of manufactured also rose

inventions introduced to spanish era

• Waterworks system, steam tramways, electric lights, newspaper and banking system were introduced in Manila

manila observatory in spanish era

Meteorological studies were promoted by Jesuits who founded the Manila Observatory in 1865.

• Fr. Federico Faura to issue the first public typhoon warning

• In 1901, the Observatory was made a central station of the Philippine Weather Bureau

start of typhoon warnings

• Fr. Federico Faura to issue the first public typhoon warning

station for weather in philippines in spanish era

• In 1901, the Observatory was made a central station of the Philippine Weather Bureau

SPANISH ERA

• Manila prospered but countryside remained underdeveloped and poor

• The expansion of the agricultural production for export exacerbated existing socio economic inequality and introduced private ownership of land.

• There was an increase of concentration of wealth to landowners, Spaniards, Chinese mestizos, and native Principalia

AMERICAN ERA

● Science and technology in the Philippines advanced rapidly during the American regime

● The Americans introduced a system of secularized public-school education

AMERICAN ERA

● Primary education was free, with English as the medium of instruction.

● It was followed by the setting up of a Philippine Normal School to train Filipino teachers.

● Secondary school were opened afterward

AMERICAN ERA

The University of the Philippines was created on 18 June 1908 by Act of the Philippine Legislature. College of Agriculture in Los Baños, Laguna in 1909, Colleges of Liberal Arts, College of Engineering and Veterinary Medicine in 1910 College of Law in 1911. School of Forestry and Conservatory of Music in 1916 College of Education in 1918

AMERICAN ERA

Most of the teachers were Americans and foreigners, except in the college of Medicine. Young men and women were encouraged to get a higher professional education in American colleges

AMERICAN ERA

In 1901, the Bureau of Government Laboratories was created and later named Bureau of Science