joints and body movement

sites where two or more bones meet

joints/articulation

what is function of joints

allow for mobility and hold bones together

what are the different structural classifications of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial

are fibrous joints movable?

no, mostly immovable

are cartilaginous joints movable?

both immovable and movable

are synovial joints movable?

yes freely movable

what are synovial joints composed of

articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule (fibrous layer and synovial membrane), synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments and nerves and vessels

what are the 6 types of movements for synovial joints

plane (glide), hinge (uniaxis), pivot (uniaxis), condylar (biaxial), saddle (biaxial) and ball and socket (multiaxial)

what are examples of fibrous joints

sutures in the skull, ligament only connections (tibia-fibula), and teeth in sockets

example of fibrous joint: tibia-fibula (ligament connection)

syndesmosis

example of fibrous joint: teeth in socket

gomphosis

cartilaginous joints are made of which types of connective tissue

hyaline and fibrocartilage

examples of cartilaginous joint includes

epiphyseal plate (seen in children) made of hyaline, intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis (fibrocartilage)

example of hyaline cartilage in cartilaginous joints - epiphyseal plate and first rib-sternum

synchondrosis

example of hyaline cartilage in cartilaginous joints - intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

symphysis

which structural joint has a joint cavity

synovial

for synovial joints, what type of joint is the elbow and ankle, phalanges and what movement does it provide

hinge; uniaxial

for synovial joints, what type of joint is the intercarpal and intertarsals and what movement does it provide

plane; glide

for synovial joints, what type of joint is the shoulder and hip and what movement does it provide

ball and socket; multiaxial

for synovial joints, what type of joint is the radius and atlas at dens and what movement does it provide

pivot, uniaxis

for synovial joints, what type of joint is the metacarpophalangeal and wrist and what movement does it provide

ellipsoid/condyloid; biaxial

for synovial joints, what type of joint is the 1st carpometacarpal joint and what movement does it provide

saddle; biaxial

what are metacarpophalangeal

knuckles

what is 1st carpometacarpal

thumb

what are the different functional classifications of synovial joints (Physicians Hope Patients Can Stop Being Sick)

Plane, Hinge, Pivot, Condylar, Saddle and Ball and Socket

the 1st carpometacarpal joint allows for

opposition (grasping and touching other fingers)

the articular cartilage located as a part of the synovial joints is found where

covers bone ends and reduces friction

the joint cavity located as a part of the synovial joints is what

space filled with fluid to reduce friction

the articular capsule (boundary for joint cavity) located as a part of the synovial joints is found where

outer fibrous layer and inner synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid

the synovial fluid located as a part of the synovial joints does what

lubricates joint and reduces friction

the reinforcing ligaments located as a part of the synovial joints is found where

bone to bone support

the nerves and blood vessels located as a part of the synovial joints is found where

pain detection and nourishment

what are examples of specialized stuctures

meniscus, bursa, and tendon sheath

what is meniscus and its functions

fibrocartilage dividing joint space (knee); shock absorption and prevents side to side movement of femur on tibia

what is bursa and its function and the related injury

bag of synovial fluid outside joint cavity; reduces friction between adjacent structures during joint activity; bursitis

what is tendon sheath and its functions and its related injury

elongated bursa around tendons and reduces friction around tendon; tendonitis

what are the two hinge movements

flexion (bending elbow) and extension (extending elbow)

what are the two ball and socket movements

abduction (away from body) and adduction (toward body)

rotation movements

turning head side to side (pivot joint)

circumduction movement

what are the two forearm movements

supination and pronation

what are the foot movements

inversion (sole inward) and eversion (sole outward)

two examples of vertical movements

elevation and depression

dorsiflexion

lifting foot upward toward shin

plantar flexion

pointing foot downward away from leg

what are factors that influence the stability of synovial joints

articular surfaces, number and position of ligaments and muscle tone

opposition

movement of thumb across palm to touch the other fingers, allowing for grasping

what are common joint injuries

cartilage tears, sprains and dislocations

meniscus tear is an example of cartilage tear, some characteristics are

common in knee and heal slowly because of cartilage being avascular

when ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn, this is what type of joint injury

sprain

when bones are forced out of alignment, usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation and difficulty in movement, what type of joint injury is this

dislocation

what are examples of inflammatory and degenerative conditions

bursitis, tendonitis, arthritis, lyme disease and joint replacements

what are common forms of arthritis

osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and gouty arthritis

what type of arthritis is called “wear and tear arthritis” (degenerative joint disease)

osteoarthritis

what type of arthritis is autoimmune (when the body thinks the synovial fluid is foreign and makes bones out of alignment due to calcification of dead cells

rheumatoid

what type of arthritis is related with uric acid buildup and more common in males, accumulates in lower body temperature and calcifies and hardens

gout

ligaments and tendons are made of

dense regular CT (collagen fibers)

what type of joint disease is called by bacteria (borrelia burgdorferi) that is spread by tick bites and commonly presents itself as a “bulls-eye” rash

lyme