College Biology - Chapter 2 & 3

Hydroxol

OH-

methyl

-CH₃

Carbonyl

-CHO, =CO

Carboxyl

-COOH,-CO

amino

NH2, NH3

Phosphate

PO4 3-, p

Sulfhydryl

-SH, -S-S

What type of bond does carbon form?

covalent

Functional groups

atoms or clusters of atoms that are covalently bonded to carbon atoms

What do you need to be organic?

Carbon

How many covalent bonds can one carbon form?

4

What is the simplest organic compound?

Methane

Monomer

one single unit

Polymer

many units, macromolecules

What distinct properties convey each type of functional group?

Solubility and chemical reactivity

enzymes

speed up a reaction

condensation reaction

form polymers from subunits(polymerization), discarded atoms can join to form water, Gives off water

hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water, type of cleavage reaction, breaks polymers into smaller units, needs water

Does hydrolysis build up or break down?

Break down

Does the condensation reaction build up or break down?

Build up

Carohydrates

monosaccharides, oligiosaccharide, polysaccharide

monosaccharide

simplest carbohydrate, most sweet tasting, water soluble, most have 5 or 6 carbon backbone,

What is the simplest carbohydrate?

monosaccharides

ribose and deoxyribose

sugars in DNA and RNA. 5 carbon sugars

glucose

sugar with 6 carbon, comes from the sun, number one on the food chain

oligoaaccharide

same as a disaccharide

Disaccharide

type of oligosaccharide, two monosaccharides covalently bonded, formed by condensation reaction

sucrose

glucose + fructose (table sugar)

Lactose

glucose + galactose

What are complex carbohydrates?

polysaccharides

what are the four polysaccharides?

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

polysaccharide

straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers

starch

A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose. easily digested

Cellulose

tough, indigestible, structural materials in plants

Glycogen

sugar storage form in animals, large storage in muscle and liver cells

Chitin

polysaccharide, nitrogen-containg groups attached to glucose.

structural material for hard parts of invertebrates and cell walls of many fungi

chitin

Lipids

most include fatty acids, fats, phospholipids, waxes, sterols and their derivatives have no fatty acids

This is insoluble in water

lipids

Fats

fatty acids attached to the glycerol.

Most common form of a triglyceride

fats

fatty acids

carboxyl group at one end, carbon backbone

unsaturated fats

A fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds. one or more double bonds between carbons. better for you

saturated fats

single bonds between carbons. Solid at room temperature.

What are the most abundant and richest sources of energy and insultation.

butter, lard, and oils

Phospolipids

Formed by two molecules of fatty acids, phosphate and glycerol

what is the main component of cell membranes

phospholipids

What are the four organic compounds?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Waxes

A type of lipid molecule consisting of one fatty acid linked to an alcohol; functions as a waterproof coating on many biological surfaces such as apples and other fruits.

How many electrons can each orbital hold?

s-2

p-6

d-10

f-14

Sterols

compounds containing a four-ring carbon structure with any of a variety of side chains attached. No fatty acids, estrogen, testosterone

Cholesterol

a fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body, most common in animals

What can cholesterol be modified to form?

sex hormones, bile salts, and Vitamin D

Proteins

Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues

What do proteins do?

function as enzymes, in cell movement, as storage and transport agents, as hormones

what is the structural material throughout the body?

protein

Polymerization

a chemical process that combines several monomers to form a polymer or polymeric compound

amino acids

building blocks of proteins, contains the amino group, the acid group, and a hydrogen atom

what s determined by the R-group?

the amino acids

where is the carbohydrates mainly stored?

glycogen

where do we store most of our energy?

fats

R group

used to represent one of 20 possible side chains found in amino acids of living systems

3 fatty acids attached to a glyceride

triglyceride

What kind of functional groups are involved in amino acids?

-NH2 or -NH3, -COOH or -COO

saturated has how many bonds

single bonds

unsaturated fats have how many bonds?

double bonds

protein synthesis

Forming proteins based on information in DNA and carried out by RNA

What is a peptide bond?

links amino group of one amino acid with carboxyl group of the next.

How do peptide bonds form?

condensation reaction

what type of bond is a peptide bond

covalent bond

polypeptide bond

long chain of amino acids

primary structure

amino acid chain hooked together

secondary structure

folded chain of amino acids

tertiary structure

coiled or three dimensional

quartenary structure

Made of 2 or more polypeptide chains; hemogolbin

Glycoproteins

proteins combine covalently with oligosaccharides

Where are glycoproteins found?

fingerprints

Lipoproteins

proteins combine with cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids.

Where do we get Nitrogen?

the food we eat

What are the two slightly different forms of goblins?

alpha and beta

Denaturation

In proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. In DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Caused by pH or temperature

When ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP, what happens?

energy is released

Nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

What is ATP?

nucleotide

nucleic acids

composed of nucleotides

What are nucleic acids made of?

single or double stranded, sugar-phophate backbone

DNA

Double stranded, found in the nucleus

RNA

usually single stranded, 4 types of nucleotides,

What are the 3 types of RNA

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

What class do glycoproteins belong to?

proteins

What class do phospholipids belong to?

lipids

What class does glycogen belong to?

Carbohydrates

What class does adenosine triphosphate belong to?

Nucleic Acids

What class does cholesterol belong to?

lipid

What class do triglycerides belong to?

lipids

What class do glycogen and starch belong to?

Carbohydrates

Coenzymes

enzyme assistants; examples are NAD+ and FAD+

base pairs

two nucleotides linked together by hydrogen bonds

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

a molecule that can transfer phosphate groups, making molecules reactive