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Lipid Bilayers
form when lipid molecules are aligned in paired sheets
hydrophilic heads: interact with water
hydrophobic tails: interact with one another
selective permeability
small molecules cross membranes easily
ions and large molecules diffuse across the membrane slowly or not at all
inside the membrane
phospholipids move within membranes
permeability is related to level of fluidity
-higher temperature increases fluidity
-phospholipids are in constant lateral motion
how substances move across membranes
diffusion: the spontaneous movement of molecules and ions
solutes(dissolved substances) move randomly in all direction
passive= no input of energy
concentration gradient
a difference in the solute concentrations across space
if present, there will be a net movement away from regions of high concentrations of the solute
net movement: movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration
process of diffusion
solutes are separated and each has its own concentration gradient
net movement of each solute from the side of high concentration to the side of low concentration
solutes reach equilibrium (molecules randomly distributed throughout the solution) —> movement of solute doesn’t stop
rate of diffusion
F= kA (ΔC) / d
F= rate of diffusion
k= diffusion constant (dependent on solute, membrane, temperature)
A= surface area for diffusion
ΔC= change in concentration
d= distance for diffusion
electrochemical gradient
diffusion of charged particles depends on combination of concentration and electrical gradient
electrochemical equilibrium
when the combination of these two are balances (concentration and electrical gradient)
Consequences of Size and Shape (getting bigger)
increased distance between surface and center
decreased surface are to volume ratio
center is further from the surface
increased diffusion distance
increased distance= reach center at a lower rate
equations for this
surface area: L x W x 6
volume: L x W x H
solutions to bigger organism diffusion
subdivide into many smaller units
-reduce internal volume: vacuole in plant cells
increased surface complexity increases area for diffusion
becoming long and thin and/or flat offsets effects of increased size
Osmosis
a special case when diffusion involves water
occurs when solutions are separated by a semi-permeable membrane
S-P M: allows water to cross the membrane but does not let some or all of the solute to cross
Concentration of water during osmosis
free water moves from regions of low solute concentration to regions of high solute concentration
-low concentration of solute = high concentration of free water
-high concentration of solute = low concentration of free water
causes a change in volume and a change in solute concentration on both sides
outside solutions to inside solutions (osmosis)
hypertonic (outside): results in net flow of water out of the vesicle; vesicle shrinks
hypotonic (outside): results in net flow of water into vesicle; vesicle swells or even bursts
isotonic (inside and outside): no change
passive transport
when substances (ions or molecules) move across the plasma membrane in the absences of an outside an energy source
movement occurs along the electrochemical gradient
does not require expenditure of energy
PT- facilitated diffusion
channel proteins:
-selective: each protein only permits a particular type of ion or molecule to pass through it
-forms a pore to allow movement through the membrane
carrier proteins:
-undergoes a change in shape to “carry” a molecule (conformational change: adjustment of a protein’s tertiary structure in response to external factors or to binding of a ligand)
Channel Proteins
Aquaporins: allow water to move across membranes, but exclude other molecules and ions
Gated Channels: open in response to a signal (voltage-gated K+ channel)
Carrier Proteins
unbound protein
glucose binding
conformational change
release
Active Transport
cells can move molecules in a directed manner or against the electrochemical gradient
- involves pumps (transmembrane proteins that actively move ions/ solutes against a concentration or electrochemical gradient)
Secondary Active Transport
uses a pump to establish an electrochemical gradient
the gradient is used to move a molecule/ion of interest
Active Transport- Pump
pumps: membrane proteins that provide active transport of molecules across the membrane
proton pump (H+-ATPase)
- use ATP to move protons
- important in change pH and creating electrochemical gradients
sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+-ATPase)
-uses ATP
-transports Na+ and K+ against their concentration gradients
Active transport - Secondary Active Transport Cotransport
cotransport: simultaneous transport one substance across a membrane, coupled with the simultaneous transport of another substance across the same membrane in the same direction
pumps move materials against their gradients to stylish different electrochemical gradients
-ATP is not directly used to power transport
cotransporters
symporter: transport solutes against their concentration gradients using energy released by the transport of another molecule moves in the same direction along its concentration gradient
antiporter: transport solutes against their concentration gradient using energy released by the transport of another molecule moves in the opposite direction along its concentration gradient