CL World History Ch. 22

Portuguese Exploration

-Motivations: fishing, land hunger

-Discovered Azores, Madeiras Islands

-Used land to plant sugarcane

Maritime Routes to Asia

Spices, porcelain, silk, were saught after.

Disease

Silk roads were dangerous because of this

Profits and prices increase

This was caused by little supply for a high demand

Convert souls to Christianity

Franciscan, Dominican missionaries went to India, central Asia and China to _______

Return through the sea

Volta Do Mar

Prince Henry of Portugal

-Promoted exploration of west African coast

-Established fortified trading posts

Bartolomeu Dias

-Rounded Cape of Good Hope. entered Indian Ocean basin

-First to reach the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic

Vasco de Gama

-Uses Dias's route to travel to India in 1497.

-Trading post established by 1500

Christopher Columbus

-Short estimated the distance to Japan/thought the Earth was smaller.

Christopher Columbus

-Portuguese kings did not fund his trip

-Fernando and Isabel of Spain underwrite voyage

Christopher Colmbus

-Discovers Bahamas, Cuba

-Never reaches Asia

Portuguese

-First to establish a "Trading Post City".( Duties were charged)

-Did not expand. This small country was comfortable playing it safe

Portugal/Spain

-Monarchs fund trips here

Dutch/English

-Common people fund trips here

-Early democracy

Vasco de Balboa

-Finds Pacific Ocean while searching for Gold in Panama 1513

Ferdinand Magellan

-Used the support of the Spanish to circumnavigate the globe when denied by Portuguese, 1519-1522

-Only 35 of his sailors survive the journey

Ferdinand Magellan

Killed in local political dispute with someone in power in the Philippine Islands.

Spain

The people of this country build Philippine-Mexico trade route

English and Russians

-Looked for Northwest passage to Asia

-Leader Ronald Amundsen completes route in 20th century

Sir Francis Drake

This Englishman explores the west coast of North America

Vitus /Bering

This Russian sails through Bering Strait

James Cook

Explores Southern Pacific

Duties

These made it easier to make sure that nobody had a trade monopoly

Alfonso d' Alboquerque

-Major Naval commander/Architect

-Enforced trade duties policy; violators had their hands amptated

Portuguese Control

Declines by the end of the 16th century

English and Dutch

Rival, parallel trading networks

Dutch/English/Portuguese

_________ and ________ had an advantage over _________ because:

-They had privately owned ships

-Government support w/ power to build posts, engage in trades, and start war

-More profitable

Philippines/King Philip II

Spanish conquer _____and named it after King _______

Manila

Philippine capital that becomes a major port city

Batavia

Trading post in Java

Russia

The people of this country take over Mongol Khantes in the 16th century

European/Russian

_________conquests and ________ expansion in Asia had little missionary activity/ success

Siberia

-Russian prison camps for exiled prisoners of war were here

-Russian population expanded dramatically. doubling the population of the indigenous

Phillipines

Seen as a stepping stone to China

Seven Years War

-Global conflict (first world war)

-British are victorious, establishing primacy in India, Canada

Columbian Exchange

Global Diffusion:

-Plants/crops

-Animals

-Human populations

-Disease pathogens

-Permanently alters human geography and natural environment

Columbian Exchange

-Overall food supply increased

-Horses, cattle, pigs, chickens were introduced to Americas (European animals)

-Maize, potatoes, beans, etc. introduces to Europe, Asia and Africa (American foods)

Enslaved Africans

-Greatest population in the 1500s-1800s

-20%-50% died on the voyage

Manila Galleons

• This group dominated Pacific Ocean trade

-Chinese luxury goods for American raw materials like silver.