Nature-Nurture Controversy and Developmental Psychology

This set of flashcards covers key concepts from developmental psychology focused on the nature-nurture controversy, heritability, environmental influences, and theories related to cognitive and emotional development.

Nature-nurture controversy

The debate over the relative roles of genetic and environmental influences on development.

Heredity

The genetic transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring.

Environmental influences

Factors from the environment that impact development, such as early experiences and socio-economic status (SES).

Heritability estimates

Indicators of the extent to which variability in a trait within a population can be attributed to genetic differences.

Phenotype

The observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of genotype and environment.

Genotype

The genetic constitution of an individual, including the alleles they inherit.

Polygenic inheritance

Inheritance of a trait that is influenced by multiple genes.

Critical period

A limited time period during development when exposure to certain stimuli is crucial for normal development.

Ecological theory

Bronfenbrenner's theory that emphasizes interactions between individuals and their environments, structured in systems.

Microsystem

The child's immediate environment, including family and friends.

Macrosystem

The broader cultural and societal influences affecting an individual.

Fetal programming

The theory that environmental events during pregnancy can have lasting effects on the offspring's development.

Epigenetics

The study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code.

Critical period for language acquisition

A timeframe in which learning a language must occur to achieve native-like proficiency.

Cognitive development

The progressive mental development and acquisition of knowledge in children.

Social interactions

Exchanges between individuals that shape personality and social behavior.

Behavioral genetics

The study of the relationship between genetics and behavior.

Identity moratorium

A status in which individuals are in crisis and actively exploring identity options but have not yet made commitments.

Socioemotional selectivity theory

A theory suggesting that as people age and perceive their time as limited, their motivation shifts toward more emotional, meaningful social interactions.

Cultural socialization

Parental practices intended to teach youth about their cultural heritage and instill pride.

Teacher expectations

The belief held by teachers about students' capabilities which can influence students' actual performance.

Attachment patterns

The ways children relate to their caregivers, which can affect their emotional and social development.

Positive and negative emotions

Emotions that can impact psychological well-being throughout life, showing different trends across age.