Fixed Sci mid term thing

What are some examples of chemicals in the environment that are beneficial to living organisms?

Carbon, Oxygen, And Hydrogen.

How can humans impact the chemicals present in the environment?

Humans impact the chemicals by polluting or trying to remediate.

What are fertilizers generally made out of of?

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium.

How can fertilizers positively and negatively impact the environment?

Fertilizers can enhance the soil, but at the same time, leachate from fertilizers can cause excessive algae growth.

How can pesticides positively and negatively impact the environment?

Pesticides can protect crops, but may kill beneficial bugs.

What is leachate?

Solution that forms when liquid collects chemicals from moving through contaminated substrate.

What are some steps that can be used to reduce leachate?

Leachate can be controlled in lined landfills with leachate collection and storage systems: Leachate transfer, biodegradation, chemical and physical methods and membrane processes.

What are fossil fuels?

Hydrocarbons - Gas and Oils made from decaying organic matter from dead plants and animals

What are some concerns associated with burning Hydrocarbons?

Incomplete burning of hydrocarbons results in carbon monoxide pollution.

What is acid rain?

Precipitation that contains chemical components.

How is acid rain produced?

Acid rain is caused by the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere, where they react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to become sulfuric and nitric acid.

How does acid rain impact the environment?

Acid rain that seeps into the ground can dissolve nutrients, such as magnesium and calcium, that trees need to be healthy.

What is pH?

A measure of how acidic or basic a substance or solution is.

What do the different pH levels indicate?

0 - 14, with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base.

What is an indicator?

A chemical, or biological indicator that represents change

What is an indicator example?

Bioindicator species, such as mayfly.

What is the neutralization reaction?

A reaction between an acid and a base.

In what circumstances could neutralization reactions be an important tool when dealing with environmental concerns?

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How does acid rain form?

It occurs when sulphur and nitrogen oxides are produced from the burning of fossil fuels.

What does organic mean?

An organic compound; or any substance containing carbon-based compounds, especially produced by living organisms.

What does inorganic mean?

Being or composed of matter other than plant or animal. Does not contain carbon-based compounds.

What are micronutrients?

Vitamins, minerals, water

What are macronutrients?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

What are carbohydrates?

sugars and starches

What are lipids?

fats and oils

What are proteins?

polymers of amino acids

What are nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates are the body's primary source of energy and the brain's preferred energy source.

What is the function of lipids?

Lipids help with moving and storing energy, absorbing vitamins and making hormones.

What is the function of proteins?

Proteins help your body repair cells and make new ones.

What is the function of nucleic acids?

Nucleic acids carry genetic information which is read in cells to make the RNA and proteins by which living things function.

What is diffusion?

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

What is osmosis?

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

What is active transport?

The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

What is a biological indicator species?

An organism whose presence, absence or abundance reflects a specific environmental condition.

How do we measure the amount of chemicals present in a solution?

By calculating Parts Per Million (PPM) - Mass of solute / Mass of solvent x 1 000 000

What concentration of dissolved oxygen is required for aquatic life to thrive?

6.5-8 mg/L

What does toxic mean?

Something having to do with poison or something harmful to the body.

What is an LD50?

The lethal dose for 50% of the population

How do we measure an LD50?

By gradually increasing the amount of chemical consumed by an organism until it kills 50% of the population.

What does LD50 indicate?

It indicates an estimate of the amount of poison that, under control conditions, will be a lethal dose to 50% of a large number of test animals of a particular species.

Is a high or low LD50 better?

A higher LD50 is better because the smaller the LD50, the more toxic the pesticide.

What are greenhouse gases?

Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap the thermal radiation and reflect it back toward the earth's surface.

What are some examples of greenhouse gases?

Water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide

How do greenhouse gases contribute to climate change?

Certain gases in the atmosphere absorb energy, slowing or preventing the loss of heat to space. They act like a blanket, making the earth warmer than it should be.

Why was the use of Chlorofluorocarbons restricted?

Because they drift into the upper atmosphere where their chlorine compounds destroy ozone.

What are the three stages of transport of materials through the air?

The ​release​ of chemicals from the source, the dispersion​ of chemicals into the atmosphere, and the ​deposition​ of chemicals in soil or water.

What factors impact the spread of substances through the air?

The direction and distance travelled by airborne chemicals is determined by factors such as the properties of the chemical pollutants, the speed of the wind, and the direction of the wind.

What is groundwater?

water held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices beneath the surface of the Earth.

Why is groundwater more vulnerable to contamination?

Industrial discharges, urban activities, agriculture, groundwater pumpage, and disposal of waste all can affect groundwater quality.

What are some common sources of surface water contamination?

Landfills, leaking gasoline storage tanks, leaking septic tanks, and accidental spills.

How does the dissolvability of a substance affect its potential to contaminate surface water?

If a substance dissolves, it will spread throughout the water in lesser amounts, whereas if the substance does not dissolve, it will sink and contaminate in one area. Unless biomagnification occurs.

How can disperation be used to reduce the concentration of harmful chemicals in the environment?

Dispersion is the scattering of a substance away from its source, therefore it can separate large quantities of harmful chemicals.

How can dilution be used to reduce the concentration of harmful chemicals in the environment?

Dilution can be used to not only lower the concentration of toxic chemicals but also to help minimize interferences from other compounds. Dilution is the process of weakening or deconcentrating a solution.

How can biodegradation be used to reduce the concentration of harmful chemicals in the environment?

Biodegradation helps reduce toxic chemicals because if the biodegradation rate is high, the concentration and thereby the toxic effect will be reduced rapidly.

What is phytoremediation?

Using living plants to rehabilitate soil (like uptaking heavy metals in contaminated soil)

What is photolysis?

The splitting of a molecule using light energy

What is the definition of Biodiversity?

the variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat.

What is the definition of Variation?

differences between individuals of the same species (different species of snake, or bird, or cat, etc.)

What is the definition of Biotic?

Alive or once living (plants, animals, bacteria, etc.)

What is the definition of abiotic

Non-living (rocks, sand, etc.)

What is an Ecosystem?

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

What is a Species?

A group of similar organisms that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring.

What is the definition of Population?

all the organism of one species in a habitat.

What is the definition of Community?

a set of species found in the same place at the same time

What is a Habitat?

the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism.

What is the Diversity Index?

a measure of the biological diversity in an area, calculated by dividing the number of runs in a walk-through of an area by the total number of specimens

Why is biodiversity important?

having biodiverse ecosystems is very important for the survival of all biotic things on Earth. This is because, without a wide range of different animals, plants, and mircoorganisms, the health of the environment will drastically plummet.

What is the difference between diversity between species and within species?

diversity between species is the number of different species present in an ecosystem, whereas diversity within species is the variation of the species

What are the 5 biotic kingdoms?

Animals, plants, fungi, protist, and monera

What are structural adaptions?

the adaption of the physical apperance of a species (birds adapting to have hollow bones to make flying easier)

What are behaviour adaptions?

the change in a species behaviour to better their chance for survival (being nocturnal, migrating for the winter)

What is the definition of Adaption?

a species changing their behaviour or their physical features to increase their chance of survival

What is a Niche?

the role an animal plays in an environment

What is symbiosis?

the relationship between organisms

What is Mutualism?

symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit from the relationship

What is Parasitism?

a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed

What is Commensalism?

A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

What is Binary Fission?

A form of asexual reproduction in which the parent divides into two approximately equal parts

What is Budding (asexual reproduction)?

offspring is created from the body of the parent

What is Spore Production?

Asexual method of reproduction: spores are formed similar to seeds but do not use pollination

What is Vegetative Reproduction?

a form of asexual reproduction in which offspring grow from a part of a parent plant

What is an Allele?

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

What is a Genotype?

genetic makeup of an organism (geno \= genes)

What is a Phenotype?

physical characteristics of an organism (pheno \= physical)

What is Mitosis?

Cell division that generates new cells for growth and repair. The division of one cell into two genetically identical daughter cells

What is Meiosis?

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.

What is a Homozygous Genotype?

A genotype which contains two of the same alleles of a gene.

What is a Heterozygous Genotype?

A genotype which contain both a dominant and recessive allele.

What is a Discrete Trait?

Yes or no; it's either there or it's not (hair color)

What is a Continous Trait?

The trait can/will differ between individuals (blood pressure)

What is the Genotype Ratio?

the ratio of the genotypes that appear in offspring (1:2:1)

What is the Phenotype Ratio?

the ratio of the phenotypes that appear in offspring (9:3:3:1)

What is Natural Selection?

The idea that the fittest survive and pass along their traits to their offspring.

What is Speciation?

the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

What are Mutations?

Mutations are heritable changes in genetic information.

What is Artificial Selection?

selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offspring

Flammable

Burns or ignites easily

Explosive

Container or substance can violently explode causing damage with flying pieces

Corrosive

Can cause damage to skin, tissue, or other materials. Can potentially burn or dissolve through tissue or other materials.