3.1 Principles Of Biomedical Science

epidemiologists

Someone who investigates health related matters such as disease outbreaks and chronic illnesses by gathering information, examing data, and looking for patterns

Genetic Diseases

Disease that is inherited.

What kind of disease is Sickle-Cell Anemia (Genetic or Infectious)

Genetic

Infectious Disease

Disorders caused by organisms — such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. They are contracted or caught

What kind of disease is Influenza(Flu) (Genetic or Infectious)

Infectious

How might the condition of a host affect how successful a pathogen is at causing disease.

Vaccination or diseases that they already had, diet, sleep, hydration, age, and immunity system play a part on how successful the pathogen is at causing the disease

Bacteria

Living, microscopic, unicellular, prokaryotic, organisms

What infectious agent is this? Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis (TB). The symptoms of TB depend on where in the body the bacteria are growing. Usually, TB bacteria grow in the lungs where they cause a bad cough that lasts three weeks or longer, pain in the chest, and coughing up blood or the phlegm from deep inside the lungs. Other symptoms include weakness, fatigue, weight loss, no appetite, chills, and fever.

Bacteria

Viruses

Non-living, microscopic, agent that make up of an outer protein shell called a capsid and either DNA or RNA

What infectious agent is this? The influenza virus, the flu, affects the respiratory system. Symptoms include runny or stuffy nose, itchy or sore throat, cough, congestion, slight body aches or a mild headache, sneezing, watery eyes, a low-grade fever, and fatigue.

Virus

Fungi

Living, multicellular eukaryotic organism

What infectious agent is this? Tinea pedis causes athlete's foot. Symptoms include dryness, itching, stinging, burning, cracking and peeling skin and blisters between the toes or on the soles of the feet. Toenails may be thick, crumbly, ragged, discolored, or pulling away from the nail bed. Athlete's foot thrives in thick, tight shoes that squeeze the toes together and create warm, moist areas between them. Damp socks and shoes and warm, humid conditions also favor the organisms' growth.

Fungi

Prions

Non-living submicroscopic proteins

What infectious agent is this? Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) results in dementia, walking difficulties, hallucinations, confusion, and death.

Prions

Protists

Living, microscopic single-celled eukaryotic animal-like organisms

What infectious agent is this? Giardia lamblia causes giardiasis. Giardia parasites live in the intestines of people and animals. Before the parasites are passed in the stool, they become encased within hard shells called cysts, which allows them to survive outside the intestines for months. Once inside a host, the cysts dissolve and the parasites are released.

Protists

Helminths

Living, multicellular eukaryotic worms. Both microscopic and macroscopic varieties exist

What infectious agent is this? Taenia, a tapeworm infection, results in nausea, loss of weight, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, diarrhea, weight loss, and malnutrition. Invasive infections result in fever, cystic masses or lumps, allergic reactions to the larvae, bacterial infections, and neurological symptoms including seizures

Helminths

Portal of Entry

Skin, Respiratory Tract, Gastrointestinal Tract, Urogenital, & Conjunctiva

Portal Of Exit

Skin, Respiratory Tract, Gastrointestinal Tract, Urogenital & Conjunctiva

Direct Contact

Disease transmission that occurs when a susceptible host touches an infected individual or is exposed to their body fluids.

What kind of contact is it when you infect someone by directly sneezing on them

Direct

Indirect Contact

Disease transmission that occurs when a susceptible host inhales infected particles, touches an infected object, or is bitten by an infected insect.

Influenza(Flu) Etiology

(Being around other people who have the flue) Most people get the flu when they breathe in tiny airborne droplets from the coughs or sneezes of someone who has the flu. You can also catch the flu if you touch something with the virus on it, and then touch your mouth, nose, or eyes.

Athletes Foot Etiology

having damp (wet) socks/shoes and not replacing them

Familial Hypercholesterolemia Etiology

Genetics

Example of a disease with risk factors associated with lifestyle

smoking leads to lung cancer

What is used to identify bacteria

lab tests are conducted that look at specific characteristics of the organisms. The way in which the organisms grow, their morphology, or shape of their cells, and their ability to metabolize, or digest, certain compounds all provide clues as to the organisms' identity. To identify the specific bacterium infecting the hospital patients, the first step is to culture, or grow, it from patient samples and make observations about how the bacteria grow and their gross morphology

How are bacteria named

By their genus and species

When identifying the agents responsible for causing a disease, why is evaluation of colony morphology not enough?

Some of the colonies could end up looking the same to the naked eye. Doesn't say what specific bacteria it is, so we have to do gram staining.

What kind of Spirilla is this

They’re all Individual Spirillas

What kind of Cocci is this?

Diplococci

What kind of Cocci is this?

Individual Cocci

What kind of Cocci is this?

Chain of Cocci

What kind of Cocci is this?

Staphylococci

What kind of Bacilli is this?

Individual Bacilli

What kind of Bacilli is this?

Chain of Bacilli

What kind of a shape is a coccus

sphere

What kind of a shape is a Bacilli

Rod

What kind of a shape is a spirilla

spiral

What color is Gram Positive

Purple

What color is Gram Negative

Pink