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Diction
Word choice in writing or speech
Syntax
Arrangement of words and phrases
Metaphor
Comparison without using like or as
Simile
Comparison using like or as
Personification
Giving human qualities to non-human things
Hyperbole
Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally
Litotes
Ironical understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary ("you won't be sorry" or "not bad" ot "she is no spring chicken"
Metonymy
Substitution of a related term to represent the whole (suit for business executive ot the track for horse racing, at The White House said today that...) Broader Ideas and terms
Synecdoche
A figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole or vice versa (nice wheels, "boots on the ground" when talking about war reffering to soldiers) more specific parts of a thing
Oxymoron
Contradictory terms placed together
Alliteration
Repetition of initial consonant sounds
Allusion
Indirect reference to a person, place, or thing
Imagery
Visually descriptive or figurative language
Aphorism
Concise statement of a principle or truth ("Actions speak louder than words")
Archaic diction
Old-fashioned or outdated word choice
Pedantic diction
Writing that is overly concerned with literal accuracy and formality.
Colloquialism
Informal expression in writing or speech
Parallelism
Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.
Trope
Figurative or metaphorical language; can be a metaphor, simile, personification, and hyperbole.
Scheme
Artful variation in the arrangement of ideas or words; can be parallelism, juxtapositions, and antitheses.
Euphemism
Substitution of a mild or vague term for a harsh or blunt one
Antithesis
Contrast or opposition in writing using parallelism
Antimetabole
Repetition of a phrase or sentence in reverse order ("eat to live not live to eat. Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country")
Juxtaposition
Placing two elements side by side to emphasize comparisons and contrasts.
Anaphora
Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses ("not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need -- not as a call to battle, though embattled we are")
Asyndeton
Omission of conjunctions between parts of a sentence for effect
Polysyndeton
Several coordinating conjunctions are used in succession for effect
Deductive Reasoning
Reaching a conclusion based on multiple truths or premises, if all premises are true, then the conclusion has to be true.
Inductive Reasoning
Beginning with a conclusion and examining the premises as evidence for the likelihood of the point. If a certain thing is true, then the other things are likely true based on that thing.
Cumulative Sentence/Loose sentence
Starts with an independent clause and adds subordinate elements or modifiers. ("My summer was nice, traveling to Colorado, playing with my daughters, slaying dragons, and such")
Periodic Sentence
Main clause is at the end for emphasis (In order to do well in this class or be successful in life, you must develop your voice)
Declarative Sentence
Declares/states a fact
Hortative Sentence
Sentence that encourages action
Imperative Sentence
Gives a direct command
Inversion
A change from the subject-verb typical sentence order.
Denotation
Literal or dictionary definition of a word
Connotation
Emotional or cultural association of a word
Apostrophe
Rhetorical device addressing an absent person or object
Logos
Appeal to logic in persuasion
Ethos
Appeal to ethics or credibility in persuasion
Pathos
Appeal to emotions in persuasion
Rhetoric
Art of effective speaking or writing to persuade an audience.
Aristotelian Triangle
Relationship between speaker, audience, and subject
Refutation
Disproving an argument or counterclaim
Concession
Acknowledging a point made by the opposition
Context
Describes the circumstances surrounding the writing.
Text
Written or printed work
Purpose
Reason for writing or speaking
Persona
Role or character adopted by a writer or speaker
Counterargument
Opposing viewpoint in an argument
Occasion
Time and place a text is produced or received
Satire
Use of humor, irony, or ridicule to criticize
Allegory
Story or poem with hidden meaning
Polemic
Strong verbal or written attack. Can also be an argument that does not acknowledge other viewpoints and establishes superiority.
Irony
Expression of meaning using language that signifies the opposite
Paradox
Seemingly contradictory statement that may be true ("I know that I know nothing")
Didactic Prose
Intended to teach or instruct
Stream-of-consciousness Prose
Writing that reflects the inner thoughts of a character
Zeugma
One word applies to two words/concepts/things in two different ways--usually one literal and one more abstract/figurative use of the word. ("John and his license expired last week. You and your theory have failed.")
Propaganda
Information used to promote a particular cause (appeals to pathos)
Bias
Prejudice in favor of or against something