Environmental Issues in Sports Med - Mini Quiz

environmental issues include :

heat related illnesses, cold injury, altitude, uv light, and lightning

types of human heat loss

convection, evaporation, radiation, and conduction

convection is

the process of losing heat through the movement of air or water molecules across the skin

example of convection

using a fan to cool off

evaporation is

the process of losing heat though conversion of water to gas

radiation is

form of heat loss through infrared rays which is heat transfer of heat from one object to another with no physical contact

example of radiation

the sun transferring heat to the earth through radiation

conduction is

process of losing heat through physical contact with another body or object

dry bulb temperature only measures…

temperature without the other factors

wet bulb globe temperature is

an indicator of heat based in temperature, humidity, wind speed, and sunlight

green on a wet bulb globe temperature scale means…

normal activities, provide at least 3 separate rest breaks each hour with a minimum duration of 3 minutes each during the workout

yellow on a wet bulb globe temperature scale means…

use discretion for intense or prolonged exercise, provide at least 3 separate rest breaks each hour with a minimum duration of 4 minutes each

orange on a wet bulb globe temperature scale means… (football)

maximum practice time is 2 hours, players are restricted to helmet, shoulder pads, and shorts during practice, if the wbgt rises to this level during practice then players may continue to work out wearing football pants without changing to shorts

orange on a wet bulb globe temperature scale means… (all sports)

maximum practice time is 2 hours, provide at least 4 separate rest breaks each hour with a minimum duration of 4 minutes each

red on a wet bulb globe temperature scale means… (for football)

maximum practice time is 1 hour, no protective equipment may be worn during practice, and there may be no conditioning activities

red on a wet bulb globe temperature scale means… (all sports)

maximum practice time is 1 hour, there must be 20 minutes of rest breaks distributed throughout the hour of practice

black on a wet bulb globe temperature scale means…

no outdoor workouts, delay practice until a cooler wbgt is reached

heat edema definition

heat causes vasodilation and with gravity, body fluid will move into the hands and legs

heat edema signs and symptoms

pitting edema, red shiny skin

heat edema treatment

drink fluids, movement in the extremities to get the fluid flowing again, cool down

heat rash definition

also known as prickly skin, it happens when the skins sweat glands are blocked and the sweat that is produced can not get to the surface,

where does heat rash usually occur

on adults in creases, groin, armpit, neck, or where skin causes friction

heat rash treatment

avoid tight fitting clothes, stay cool and dry, drink plenty of fluids, calamine lotion can help with the itching

heat syncope definition

since heat causes vasodilation and blood pools in the arms and legs, this decreases blood pressure and can cause athletes to faint, usually occurs at the end of activity

heat syncope signs and symptoms

feeling faint or lightheaded especially when changing positions, pale, cool, and moist skin

heat syncope treatment

move to cool environment, untie shoes, drink fluids, supine position, and elevate lower extremities

heat cramps defintion

excessive heat exposure and profuse sweating and lack of fluid replacement

when do heat cramps happen

at temperatures greater than 104 degrees f

heat cramps signs and symptoms

painful muscle cramps, usually calves, quads, and abdominal muscles

heat cramps treatment

stretching, cooling down, fluid and electrolyte replacement

heat exhaustion might be the first sign of…

heat illness

heat exhaustion signs and symptoms

body temperature between 98.6 and 104, fatigue, dizziness, profuse sweating, nausea, vomiting, headaches, cold clammy skin, weakness, normal mental status

heat exhaustion treatment

move to a cool place, rehydration IV, remove excess clothing

after heat exhaustion s the athlete must be ________ to return to play

fully hydrated and cleared by a physician

what is a heat stroke

serious life threatening condition with unknown specific cause

heat stroke signs and symptom

sudden onset, sudden collapse, LOC, cns dysfunction, flushed hot skin, minimal sweating, shallow breathing, strong rapid pulse, core temperature is greater than 104 degress

heat stroke treatment

drastic measures must be taken to lower body temperature, strip clothing, immerse in water, take to the hospital ASAP, cool first transport second

environmental risk factors

air temp, relative humidity, radiant heat from sun or other sources, conductive heat sources such as the ground, air movement, workload severity and duration, protective clothing or PPE worn

personal risk factors

water, caffeine and alcohol consumption, degree of acclimatization, use of rx medication like laxative and dairy supplements, age and health which includes fitness level and weight

ways to prevent include

educating athletes and coaches, acclimatization, daily weight and checks for hydration, proper uniforms for temperature, and conditioning

__ of body heat is lost through radiation (head and neck __) and _ through evaporation

65, 50, 20

__ through skin and __ through respiration

2/3 , 1/3

problems arise when ____

heat lost exceeds heat production generated by metabolism

drop in core stimulates __ but stops after temperature drops below __

shivering, 85-90

death is imminent when temp falls below __

77-85 degrees

hypothermia prevention

apparel geared for weather, layers and adjusting them are key to maintaining body temperature during periods of activity and inactivity , waterproof and windproof fabrics that allow passage of heat and sweat and allow movement, be aware of hydration levels to enhance blood volume and heat maintenance

hypothermia treatment

prevent further heat loss, passive external rewarming, active external rewarming like blankets, hot water bottles, warmed forced air, active core rewarming like warm iv, and monitor abcs

frostbite is also known as

chilblains

frostbite is

tissue cooling, vasoconstriction, hypersensitivity causing extracellular formation, thawing causes capillary to leak and tissue edema causing more ischemia, decreased blood flow, and damage due to poor circulation

superficial frostbite involves

skin only

superficial frostbite appears

pale, hard, cold, and waxy

when rewarming superficial frostbite…

it will feel numb then stinging and burn, it may blister and be painful for several weeks

deep frostbite indicates

frozen skin requiring hospitalization

deep frostbite requires

rapid rewarming (100-110), tissue will become blotchy red, swollen,painful, and may become gangrenous

first degree frost bite includes

partial skin freezing, erythema, edema, no blisters, no necrosis, skin may peel for a week or two after, stings, throbs, aches, and burns

second degree frostbite includes

erythema, edema, blisters clear fluid, numbness, and vasomotor dysfunction

third degrees frost bite includes

full thickness skin freezing with subcutaneous tissue freezing, skin discoloration, and necrosis

fourth degrees frostbite includes

full thickness skin freezing, subcutaneous tissue freezing, muscle and tendon freezing, little edema, becomes dry, black and mummified.

frostbite treatment

rewarm in 104 and 108 degree water bath, ensure no freezing, nsaids, narcotics, tetanus shot, after rewarming separate digits and splint, possible amputation