Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1

activation energy

energy needed to get a reaction started

active transport

energy-requiring process that moves materials across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

amphiphilic

molecule possessing a polar or charges area and a nonpolar or uncharged area capable of interacting with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic environments

anabolic reactions

build up of large chemical and require energy

anabolic reactions

build up large chemicals and require energy

anatomy

the study of body structure

anterior

front of the body

aquaporin

water channel protein in a cell

carbohydrates

the starched and sugars present in foods

catabolic reactions

breakdown of molecules

cilia

hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

codon

a specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid

colloid

a mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out

compound

a substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

connective tissue

body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts

covalent bond

a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

cutaneous membrane

pertaining to the skin

cytoskeleton

a network of fibers that hold the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

deep

away from the surface

desmosomes

anchoring junction that prevents cells from being pulled apart

diffusion

movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

distal

farther from the point of attachment

DNA polymerase

enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule

electron

a subatomic particle that has a negative charge

endocrine

secreting internally

endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

endoplasmic reticulum

a cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another

enzyme

a type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

epithelial tissue

a body tissue that covers the surface of the body, inside and out

exchange reaction

parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products

exocrine

secreting externally ex

exocytosis

process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

extracellular matrix

the substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides

feedback loop

allows the receiver to communicate with the sender and thereby informed the sender whether the message was received and decoded properly

fibrosis

the thickening and scarring of connective tissue, usually as a result of injury

flagella

whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement

fluid mosaic model

model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane

frontal plane

divides the body into front and back portions

gap junctions

provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells

gene

a segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

gradient

allows for the flow of molecules into or out of the cell based on the cellular environment and the cell function

helicase

An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks.

homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

hydrophilic

water loving

hydrophobic

water fearing

hypertonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

inferior

below

ion

a charged atom

ionic bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

lateral

away from the midline

lipid

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

lysosome

An organelle containing digestive enzymes

macromolecules

A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules

medial

toward the midline

microvilli

projections that increase the cell's surface area

mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

molecule

a group of atoms bonded together

monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

mucous membrane

Membrane that secretes mucus that lubricates the surface of organs and keeps them moist.

muscle

tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body

neuroglia

cells that support and protect neurons

neuron

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

neutron

A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

nonpolar

No partial charges. Do not mix with water.

neucleic acid

molecule made of nucleotides (nucleotides make up RNA & DNA)

octet rule

states that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons

organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membran

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

peroxisomes

Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals

phospholipids

A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.

physiology

the study of body function

polar

Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water.

polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

posterior

back

primase

An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer using the parental DNA strand as a template.

protein

A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.

protein synthesis

the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA

proton

A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

proximal

closer to point of attachment

ribosomes

makes proteins

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

selectively permeable

a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot

semiconservative replication

Method of DNA replication in which parental strands separate, act as templates, and produce molecules of DNA with one parental DNA strand and one new DNA strand

serous membrane

Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body

solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

superficial

near the surface

superior

above

suspension

A mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separated by settling or filtration

synovial membrane

membrane lining the capsule of a joint

tight junctions

Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

transcription

(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced