part 9: LIQUIDS

studied byStudied by 3 people
5.0(1)
Get a hint
Hint
  1. Mercury

  2. Bromine

1 / 88

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.

89 Terms

1
  1. Mercury

  2. Bromine

Periodic table elements that are liquid in room temperature

New cards
2
  1. Possess less kinetic energy than gases

  2. Occupy a definite volume

  3. Takes the shape of the container that holds it

  4. Are considered more denser and less compressible than gases

Characteristics of Liquids

New cards
3

Noyes Whitney Equation

Equation used to determine Rate of Dissolution

New cards
4

Dissolution

The process where a solute in gaseous, liquid, or solid phase dissolves in a solvent to form a solution

New cards
5

Solubility

The measure of ability of a solute to get dissolved in a solvent

New cards
6
  • moles/L.soln

  • g/L, g/mL

Units of solubility: ______________ or ________________

New cards
7

Pharmacopeial Expression of Solubility

It is the number of milliliters of solvent in which 1 gram of solute will dissolve to make a saturated solution

New cards
8

Very soluble

< 1 part

New cards
9

Freely soluble

1 to 10 parts

New cards
10

Soluble

10 to 30 parts

New cards
11

Sparingly soluble

30 to 100 parts

New cards
12

Slightly soluble

30 to 100 parts

New cards
13

Very slightly soluble

1000 to 10,000 parts

New cards
14

Practically insoluble

> 10,000 parts

New cards
15
  1. Nature of solute and solvent

  2. Particle size

  3. Particle size

  4. Pressure

  5. Presence of Salts (mostly for proteins)

  6. pH

Factors affecting Solubility

New cards
16

Like dissolves like

The greater the similarity between the solute and the solvent the greater the solubility

New cards
17

Low particle size = High Surface area = High Solubility

In particle size:

Low particle size = ____ Surface area = ____ Solubility

New cards
18

Endothermic: High Temperature = High Solubility

In temperature of Solid and Liquid:

Endothermic: ____ Temperature = ____ Solubility

New cards
19

Exothermic: Low Temperature = High Solubility

In temperature of Solid and Liquid:

Exothermic: ____ Temperature = ____ Solubility

New cards
20

Low Temperature = High Solubility

In temperature of Gas:

Low Temperature = ____ Solubility

New cards
21

negligible

Solids and Liquids: The effects of pressure changes on the solubility of solids and liquids are __________

New cards
22

Pressure

Most important factor influencing solubility of a gas in a liquid (Henry’s Law)

New cards
23

High Pressure = High Solubility

In Gas, High Pressure = ____ Solubility

New cards
24

High Solubility

Salting in: + salt = __ Solubility

New cards
25

Low Solubility

Salting out: + salt= __ Solubility

New cards
26

Weak acids or bases

Many drugs are _____ acids or bases

New cards
27

Aqueous solution

The ionized form of a compound will be most soluble in an ____________________

New cards
28

Acidic

WB + __________ aqueous solution = ionized form

New cards
29

Basic

WA + __________ aqueous solution= ionized form

New cards
30

Equilibrium Vapor Pressure (VP)

The pressure of the saturated vapor above the liquid

New cards
31

Equilibrium

Evaporation rate = Condensation rate

New cards
32

mmHg

Unit of Vapor Pressure

New cards
33

23.8 mmHg

Vapor Pressure of Water at 25°C

New cards
34

355.1 mmHg

Vapor Pressure of Water at 80°C

New cards
35

4.61 mmHg

Vapor Pressure of Water at 0°C

New cards
36
term image

Clausius Clapeyron Equation

New cards
37

Cohesion

Attraction between similar molecules

New cards
38

Adhesion

Attraction between unlike molecules

New cards
39

Interfaces

Boundaries of solids, liquids and gases with other solids, liquids or gases

New cards
40

Surface

Used when referring to either a gas-solid or gas-liquid interface

New cards
41

Surface Tension

  • The “tension” in the surface

  • Force per unit length that must be applied parallel to the surface so as to counterbalance the net inward pull

  • Liquid-Gas or Solid-Gas

New cards
42
  • SI: N/m

  • CGS: dyne/cm

Unit of Surface Tension

New cards
43

Interfacial Tension

Force per unit length existing at the interface between two immiscible phases

  • Liquid-Liquid

  • Solid-Solid

  • Liquid-Solid

New cards
44

N/m (SI) or dyne/cm (CGS)

Unit of Interfacial Tension

New cards
45
  1. Capillary Rise Method

  2. Dropweight method

  3. Du Nouy Ring method

Methods of Surface Tension and Interfacial Tension Determination

New cards
46

Capillary Rise Method

  • Oldest method for surface tension determination

  • Most accurate method (the surface is undisturbed during the measurement)

  • Not suitable for interfacial tension measurement

New cards
47

Higher rise = Lower surface tension= concave meniscus

Adhesion > Cohesion =

New cards
48

Lower rise = Higher surface tension = convex meniscus

Cohesion > Adhesion =

New cards
49

Stalagmometric method

Dropweight method is also known as?

New cards
50

Stalagmometer

Instrument used in Dropweight method

New cards
51

Tensiometer

Instrument used in Du Nouy Ring method

New cards
52

Platimum or Iridium ring

Du Nouy Ring method uses what?

New cards
53

Du Nouy Ring method

Measures both surface and interfacial tension

New cards
54

Surfactants or Amphiphiles

Surface Active Agent is also known as?

New cards
55

Surface Active Agent

Molecules or ions that causes reduction of surface and interfacial tension

New cards
56

Griffin Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance System

Number system to establish an HLB range of optimum efficiency for each class of surfactant

New cards
57

Polarity

Each agent is assigned an HLB value or number indicating the substance’s _____________

New cards
58

1-40 (1-20 usual range)

Range of Griffin Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance System

New cards
59

Hydrophilic

Higher HLB = ____________

New cards
60

Lipophilic

Low HLB= ____________

New cards
61

1-3

Antifoaming

New cards
62

3-6

w/o emulsifiers

New cards
63

7-9

Wetting agents

New cards
64

8-18

o/w emulsifiers

New cards
65

13-16

Detergents

New cards
66

Solubilizers

15-20

New cards
67

Absorption

  • The liquid or gas being absorbed penetrates into the capillary spaces of the absorbing medium

  • Example: Sponge and Water

New cards
68

Adsorption

  • Adsorption is the process in which materials of one phase (Adsorbate) accumulate or concentrate at the interfacial surface of the other phase (Adsorbent)

  • Attraction on the surface

  • Example: Activated Charcoal

New cards
69
  1. Positive adsorption

  2. Negative adsorption

  3. Physical adsorption

  4. Chemical adsorption

Types of Adsorption

New cards
70

Positive adsorption

When the molecules or ions are partitioned in favor of the SURFACE or INTERFACE

New cards
71

Negative adsorption

Some molecules or ions are partitioned in favor of the BULK of liquid

New cards
72

Physiosorption

Physical adsorption is also known as?

New cards
73

Physical adsorption

  • The force of attraction between adsorbate and adsorbent is weak (Van Der Waals)

  • Reversible (by increasing Temperature or reducing Pressure)

New cards
74

Desorption

The process by which a physically adsorbed gas is removed

New cards
75

Chemisorption

Chemical adsorption is also known as?

New cards
76

Chemical adsorption

  • The force of attraction between adsorbate and adsorbent is chemical bonds

  • Irreversible

New cards
77
  1. Solid-Gas Adsorption

  2. Solid-Liquid Adsorption

Adsorption at Solid Interfaces

New cards
78
  1. Removal of objectionable odors (from rooms and food)

  2. Operation of gas masks

  3. Measurement of the dimensions of particles in a powder

Solid-Gas Adsorption

New cards
79
  1. Decolorizing solutions

  2. Adsorption chromatography

  3. Detergency

  4. Wetting

Solid-Liquid Adsorption

New cards
80
  1. Wetting

  2. Detergency

Adsorption at solid surfaces is involved in the phenomena of __________ and __________

New cards
81

Wetting

An adsorption process in which an intimate contact of the solids with liquid phase is achieved

New cards
82

Low contact angle

_____ contact angle: Adhesive>Cohesive

New cards
83

High contact angle

_____ contact angle: Cohesive>Adhesive

New cards
84

Complete wetting

0° = __________ wetting

New cards
85

No wetting

180° = __________ wetting

New cards
86

7-9

Wetting agents are surfactants with HLB values of ___ - ___

New cards
87

Wetting agents

aid in attaining intimate contact between solid particles and liquids

New cards
88

Detergency

A phenomenon in which surfactants are used to remove foreign materials from solid surfaces

New cards
89

Detergents

will reduce the surface tension and aid in wetting the surface and the dirt

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 18 people
... ago
4.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 12 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 34 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 57 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 22 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 1975 people
... ago
4.7(11)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (93)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (115)
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (22)
studied byStudied by 17 people
... ago
5.0(3)
flashcards Flashcard (75)
studied byStudied by 2 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (29)
studied byStudied by 27 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (40)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (20)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (134)
studied byStudied by 2615 people
... ago
4.0(26)
robot