Global Citizenship - IGCSE Key concepts Theme 2: Economic Development and the Environment

Development

The range of ways in which a country seeks to progress economically and to improve the quality of life for its inhabitants

Economic development

Raise in GDP - increase in country's wealth and standard of living

Human Development Index (HDI)

They key United Nations measure of economic and social development. Take into account income, life expectancy and literacy

Happy Planet Index (HPI)

Measure of development with happiness

Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs)

LEDCs are countries with low GDP or low income, they might be vulnerable in economic and environmental aspects

More Economically Developed Countries (MEDCs)

MEDCs are countries with high GDP or high income, they might be strong in economic and environmental aspects

Developing Countries

Countries that are in the state that hasn't reached full development

Migration

The movement of people from one place to another

Push factors

Factors that drives the person away from a place/country

Pull factors

Factors that attract a person to a place/country

Refugees

A person who has been forced to leave their country for economic, social, environmental or political reasons that is seeking refuge

International Organisations

Organisations that promote development between its member states

Intergovernmental Organisations (IGOs)

Refers to an entity created by treaty, involving two or more nations, to work in good faith , on issues of common interest

Sustainability (economic, social and environmental)

The 3 pillars of corporate sustainability

Sustainable development - A development plan or principle that aims to ensure that the current degeneration of people should not damage the environment in ways that will threaten the social and economic welfare of future generations

Economic sustainability - practises that support long-term economic growth without negatively impacting social, environmental and cultural aspects - businesses have to be profiting

Social sustainability - a sustainable business should have the support and approval of its employees, stakeholders and the community it operates in.

Environmental sustainability - companies focusing on reducing carbon footprints, packaging and other times of waste.

Environmental Issues

Environmental issues - issues that harm the environment - they may include climate change, pollution, deforestation

Climate Change

A change in climate patterns usually comes from the atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by fossil fuels

International Aid

Assistance needed by other countries, transfer of capital, goods, or services from a country of international organisation for the benefit of the recipient country or its population (can be economic, military or emergency humanitarian (natural disasters))

Remittances

The money transfer from other workers in oversea countries to their hometown/family living in hometown

NGOs

Any group or movement that bridges the gap between citizens and the state, the work of which is focused on matters of public concern such as human rights, poverty or the environment.

Charities

Organisations used to raise money and help those in need

Free Trade

international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions.

Fair Trade

trade between companies in developed countries and producers in developing countries in which fair prices are paid to the producers