Hist final

what did Kulpe do

came up with positivism and neo behaviourism

positivism

experience is the base of all knowledge, and experience of the world is important to science

neo behaviourism

acknowledging internal mental processes as crucial ways to explain behaviour (expanded on behaviourism)

what happened to APA membership

began to grow and resulted in including associate members but they help no voting right but paid fees

who did the APA associates consist of?

women and jewish people

what did the APA associates do?

applied work (APA did not support)

what is ACP

association of consulting psychologists

what is AAAP

American association for applied psychology

what happened with the ACP and AAAP

the ACP started to support applied psychology and evolved into AAAP

• it addressed training, standards of practice, and employment

what did Hull do?

he got a doctorate in psych and conducted research on psychoanalysis and conditioned reflexes

what did Hull specifically look at?

the link between psychoanalysis and conditioned reflexes on problems (such as bullying and juvenile delinquency)

• he tried to study it mathematically but failed

cooperative research

psychologists began to engage in research with other disciplines, which increased funding and allowed the field to grow and diverse

what did Tolman do?

he studied rats and connected the findings to humans, and lead the growth of experimental psych

what did Tolman’s believe

• believed that organisms are constantly learning about environments, but learning wouldn’t be demonstrated until called for

what is latent learning

learning that occurs when called for

operationism

defining scientific constructs in terms of how each is measured

operant definition

set of methods of techniques used to measure a construct

erik erikson’s ideas

came up with theory of identity formation and development (stages of development)

what is social darwinism

that differences between people are grounded in the laws of nature

what was social darwinism used to explain

the differences between race, and suggest that these differences can be turned to processes of nature in evolution

• interventions to change this. view was seen through health care (who went against nature)

what did Allport do

• distinguished social psychology to the focus of the individual

• came up with the concept of group fallacy

group fallacy

concept that social behaviour is not reducible to the sum of its individual parts

how was intelligence testing used in the war

to distinguish intelligence and specialization

(army alpha and army beta)

what did the intelligence give them

gave them levels of intelligence through numbers and assigned roles, improving efficiency

how was intelligence tests shown through black soldiers

• scored lower because tests were biased (alpha was english focused and black soldiers were limited on english)

• the army used there scores to justify segregation, and put them in roles of labor

what did Canady look at in regards to testing

examined the racial differences between examinee and examiner in determining test scores

what did Lewin do?

• introduced importance of social psychology

• developed field theory

• action -research and action-whole

• life span

field theory

that the effects of specific stimuli are meaningless without reference to the context in which the stimuli occurred  

action research

studies are designed both to generate data and to use that data to create to social change

action whole

in any experiment the experimenter and participant share a life-space which will affect performance. (Lewin chose to interact w participants at varying degrees to create these conditions)

life span theory

used to indicate that personality is a totality that includes the organism and psychological environment at any given moment

aspects of sexuality research

• Rockefeller foundation - helped with sexual research through funding

• expansion of research by Yerks

• Stones research with animals

what did the Rockefeller foundation do specifically

provided funds to NRC to support sexuality research

• goal was to understand sexuality and get rid of any negative effects it has

what sexuality research did Yerks conduct

researched different elements of sexuality through CRPS (committee for research in problems of sex)

• studied human sexuality, promoted research, and shifted from animal to human subjects

what sexuality research did Stone conduct

studied animal behaviour and focused on instincts, maturation, and development of sexual behaviour

what did Wertheimer do?

• came up with gestalt psychology

• founded gestalt laws of perception

• came up with visual illusion

• helped in the renewal of German life through emphasis of holism

what is visual illusion

perceived two dots of light being flashed in different locations, but seen as one singular dot

what is gestalt psychology

a branch of psych theory that became influential in the renewal of German life through emphasis on holism and methods of understanding.

• studied parts of a whole in terms of perception

what is the Law of Prgananz in regard to gestalt

states that in human perception there is a tendency toward the organization of any whole into simple parts.

what did Dembo do?

• studied the impact of frustration by creating big amounts of frustration within participants and observing their responses

• emphasized the importance of total situation, rather than individual parts

psychotechnics

the application of psychology to work, law, and education

• of strong interest to European, American, and British psychologists

what did Merleau-Ponty do?

studied children’s acquisition of language, and critiqued and extended the world of gestalt psychology.

who developed shell shock

Myers, C

shell shock

used in WW2 to describe soldiers whose behaviours were disoriented and hysteria

what did Myers originally believe shell shock was?

believed to be a brain concussion from shells exploding in close proximity

what did Myers do?

• studied shell shock in WW2

• drew attention to care of soldiers

• director of Cambridge Psychological Laboratory

behaviourism

the use of scientific methods to asses, control, and solve practical problems in society.

what theories are examples of behaviourism

• classical conditioning (Pavlov)

• operant conditioning (Skinner)

• Tabula Rasa

• Continuity of Learning

what did Rivers do

developed a treatment for shell shock based on Freudian Talk Therapy

• allowed psychoanalysis to grow

emergency committee in psychology

formed to provide national level coordination and oversight of psychologists involved in the war

• Dallenback chaired the committee (all men)

what did K & C Buhler do

• studied psychology in Vienna

• Karl was director of Vienna Psychological Institute

• both began research on children’s cognitive development

what did the Buhler’s research look like

• studied children’s cognitive development

• divided into 3 sections

1. experimental research

2. child and youth psych

3. economic and social psychology

office of strategic services

• develop assessment to train and select potential secret agents

• Hiroshima and Nagasaki stopped OSS as is was seen as harm

• used tests such as paper and pencil task, and projective and situational tests

what did Duncker do

is a german Gestalt psychologist

did groundbreaking research on productive thinking as well as functional fixedness

productive thinking

occurring in stages that are closely connected and may or may not provide insight into the solution

6 stages

functional fixedness

tendency to see a problem and its solution in only one way

what did consumerism turn into

in America it expanded in mental health, and was seen as a purchasable commodity

• was shown through the good life and commoditization of mental health

the good life

the purchase of an individual house in a suburb and acquisition of modern technology were indicated of status and happiness

commoditization of mental health

mental health services and practices into everyday commodity for Americans

• was fuelled by changes to the US understanding of therapy

what did Skinner do

• influential in behaviourism

• created successful behaviour therapies for many disorders

• came up with operant conditioning, air crib, and behaviour modification

what is air crib

a specialized enclosed babe crib that provides a temperature and humidity-controlled environment. Constructed with Plexi glass front, the infant can more freely without blankets or clothing, which reduces laundry and cuts down on exposure to germs

GI Bill

provided funding for the education of nations veterans

• led to the growth and expansion in higher education, specifically psych

what did K&M Clark do

• Mamie Clark was one of first African American women to get PhD

• both studied the barrier for minority groups in their famous “doll study”

• helped with the Brown v Board of Education case

what is Clark’s doll study and what was founded

exposed children to black and white dolls, which they had to choose their preference and explain

• found out how damaging these barriers are to both black and white children

what did they do with the BvB Board of Ed case

helped get rid of segregation in schools

scientist-practitioner model

created by Sankow

emphasized that psychologists needed to be scientists, trained in research first, and practioners second

• was developed out of a conference in Colorado

• difficulties came after due to lack of training and over medicalization in schools

boulder scientist-practitioner model

was a standard for training clinical psychologists

• got criticized for not contributing to research, only assessment and treatment

what did Enriquez do

• created a movement to develop Filipino psychology

• movement was to push away USA methods

• became a big force for indigenous approach to psych

operant conditioning

That learning occurs when organisms “operate” on their environment to produce consequences

skinners behaviour modification

Modifying human or animal behaviour via behavioural techniques to establish more desired patterns of behaviour

• Positive or negative reinforcement/punishment

what did Weisstein do

• social feminist anf founder of Chicago Women’s Liberation Union

• published a book Kinder, Kirche, Kuche as Scientific Law: Psychology Constructs the Female, and argued that psych cannot speak on what women were like since they did not know

third force psychology

The emergence of humanistic psychology in the 1960’s as the third wave of psychological theory and practice

-       Rogers introduced the client-centered psychology in 1902, with Maslow later developing the hierarchy of needs in 1908

 

non directive therapy

therapy provide clients with empathy, genuineness and positive regard in order to help clients create positive change in their lives and recover growth

What did Chesler do

published a critique of psychiatry and clinical psychology called Women and Madness

• was about how women were pathologized for being too feminine and not being feminine enough

commissions on community interrelations

• focused on reducing prejudice, resolving conflicts, and building better ties between diverse groups using research

• incident control project: designed to teach people how to stop bigot by intervening when their is public displays of racism

what did Maccoby do?

• came up with The Psychology of Sex Differences

• investigated which sex differences were real or not

• came up with 3 primary positions to explain

what were the 3 positions Maccoby proposed

1. genetic-biological factors (main one)

2. shaping and reinforcement

3. initiation of same sex parent through social learning

what did Maccoby conclude from research on sex differences

1. girls have better verbal ability

2. boys excel in visual-spatial ability

3. boys excel in math starting in adolescence

4. males are more aggressive (verbally and physically)

national council of women’s psychologists

• Goodenough as president

• tension arose since women were not seen as fit for military services and werent offered roles to fill vacancy.

• men denied any sense of gender bias

what did the NCWP focus on

community

coordinating childcare for workers

training nursery workers

assisted in selection of women officer candidates

what did Jacklin do?

• same as Maccoby

• study sex differences

Army General Classification Test

Bingham was head of committee

a primary tool used to select personnel for the war (looked at nature and nurture)

how was the AGCT seen

as a non-threatening and practical tool to select men for training (9 million were assessed)

what did Prosser do?

she was one of first African American women to receive PhD

Marshall Plan

was known as the European recovery plan

• structures of psychology were rebuild with American aid and training ofnew students fot research began

what did D&S Sue do?

they co-founded the Asian American Psychological Association (AAPA)

what did AAPA do

addressed lack of focus on ethnic minorities and advocated for mental health needs of Asian American and Pacific Islanders

Modernization Theory

a term used to describe models of development in historical arc

• movement from traditional community to a focus on the individual

Indigenization overlook

was distinctly American psychology and reflected the life and culture of Americans

• USA was center of psych but worked with other countries. Little feedback made American psych more the norm

Europe Indigenization

• social psychology wanted to consider European cultural concerns and traditions alongside US influence

• 60’s - European Association of Experimental Social Psychology

• 70’s - the European Journal of Social Psychology in the 70’s

German Indigenization

in the 50’s, America took over influence and German society became weaker

• some resistance occurred wth the American approach of testing for academic and job purpose

• German universities expanded and a large growth in clinical psychology emerged (created conflict with scientists and practitioners)

China Indigenization

never led to indigenous psychology and the Chinese psychological society was trained under USA methods

• psychology got shut down for 10 years due to the war and unrest

• psych grew after the war, but still relied on Western psych

Japan Indigenization

• In 1868, the country opened to trade and exchange to modernize the country

• shortly after, the study of psych grew in Tokyo

• Hall and Motora founded the first psych labs (8 labs by 1920)

• psychoanalysis was introduced and clinical psych grew

India Indigenization

• Calcutta Uni was the first to include psych in the cirriculum

• the first lab opened shortly after

• in 1924, the India Psychology Association began and shortly after the India Journal of Psychology

• was mostly under British influence but has Indian independence in 1947

Africa Indigenization

• only had small principles through health care

• Psych wasn’t founded outside of South Africa until 1960’s

South Africa Indigenization

• had one of the strongest ties to psych due to European influence

• they did lots of mental testing of social and educational order, which reinforced racism

• led to development of SAPA (an all white association)

• PASA: merged SAPA and PIRSA (all white group too)

overall look of indigenization

• Asian and African nations fought for independence

• USA and Russia tried to make 3rd world countries more modern

what did Yerkes do?

• involved in military testing

• used findings to show how race played a part in intelligence testing

• led to eugenics

• developed committee for research in problems of sex (CRPS

how did racial intelligence testing lead to eugenics

Britain was supporting positive eugenics (breeding among higher classes)

USA was supporting negative eugenics (decreasing breeding among feeble minded)

la psioclogia social de la liberacion

latin america

• protest poverty and marginalization of the poor

• was used in education and community to further the goal of using psychology as a positive force in the lives of the poor