Nucelic Acids and General Macromolecules

Chapter 3

Majority of the cell’s dry mass is ________________

Majority of the cell’s dry mass is made up of macromolecules

enzymes to breakdown carbs

1. amylase

2. sucrase

3. lactase

4. maltase

enzymes to break down proteins

1. protease (such as pepsin and peptidase)

2. hydrochloric acid

enzyme that breaks down lipids

lipases

DNA is found

1. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria.

2. In prokaryotes, the DNA is not enclosed in a membranous envelope.

DNA forms a complex with histone proteins to form _______________

chromatin, the substance of eukaryotic chromosomes

DNA function

DNA controls all of the cellular activities by turning the genes “on” or “off.”

protein synthesis involves

RNA

DNA molecules never ________________

The DNA molecules never leave the nucleus but instead use an intermediary to communicate with the rest of the cell (mRNA).

DNA and RNA are comprised of _______________________

DNA and RNA are composed of monomers that scientists call nucleotides

The nucleotides combine with each other to form a __________

The nucleotides combine with each other to form a polynucleotide, DNA or RNA

A nucleotides are composed of

1. nitrogenous base

2. a pentose (five-carbon) sugar

3. a phosphate group

Each nitrogenous base in a nucleotide is attached to a _________, which is attached to ___________________.

Each nitrogenous base in a nucleotide is attached to a sugar molecule, which is attached to one or more phosphate groups.

Anabolism

builds complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy (ATP) for growth, repair, and muscle building

Catabolism

breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy (ATP) to fuel cellular processes and exercise

peptide bond

glycerol

fatty acids

triacylgycerol

saturated fatty acid

unsaturated fatty acid

cis oleic acid

trans oleic acid

secondary structure

secondary structure

monomer of nucleic acid

nucleotide

types of nitrogenous bases

• purines

  • adenine

  • guanine

• pyrimidines

  • cytosine

  • thymine

  • uracil

purines

• adenine and guanine

• found in both RNA and DNA

• Fused 6 sided and 5 sided rings

pryimidines

• 6-sided rings

• Cytosine in DNA and RNA

• Thymine in DNA only

• Uracil in RNA only

two types of pentose sugar

• Ribose (RNA)

• Deoxyribose (DNA)

nucelotides are joined together through a

phosphodiester bond

nucleic acid polymer

• asymetric (one side has a phosphate group one has an OH group)

DNA vs RNA

DNA

• double stranded

• deoxyribose pentose sugar

• thymine in DNA

RNA

• single stranded

• ribose pentose sugar

• uracil in RNA

bases are held together with

h bonding